{"publication_id":"29128105-c2a4-458c-82fa-0e4185e828f9","traces":[{"claim_id":"claim_1","claim":"Evidence-honesty note: 35/46 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims. Tai chi is widely promoted as a low-impact mind-body exercise for older adults, yet its purported benefits span heterogeneous cardiometabolic, skeletal, cognitive, and psychological endpoints, and the strength of supporting human evidence varies sharply across these domains. We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis, mapping 46 curated primary studies and reviews onto standardized outcome categories, with each claim auditable back to a coded source rather than pooled narratively. Adding to this tension, Li 2021 (cross-sectional, P = 0.002 for cerebral vascular hemodynamics index) and Niu 2024 (RCT, P < 0.005 to P < 0.001 for body composition) report context-specific cardiometabolic signals, positioning the cardiometabolic dossier as genuinely bidirectional rather than uniformly favorable.","citation_support":[{"source_id":"source_7","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves age‐associated decline in cerebrovascular function: a cross‐sectional study","doi":"10.1186/s12877-021-02196-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02196-9","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"Li 2021","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"indirect","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Tai Chi exercise has been reported to enhance physical and mental health in the older adults; however, the mechanism remains elusive. TRIAL DESIGN: We recruited 289 older adults practicing Tai Chi for over 3 years, together with 277 age-matched older and 102 young adults as controls. 168 Tai Chi practitioners were successfully matched to 168 older controls aged 60-69 based on a propensity score for statistics. METHODS: Cerebrovascular function was evaluated by measuring the hemodynamics of the carotid artery. Spearman correlation was performed to validate the age-associated physiological parameters. RESULTS: Cerebrovascular function in older adults significantly degenerated compared with the young, and was substantially correlated with age. Compared with the older control group, Tai Chi practitioners showed significant improvements in CVHI (cerebral vascular hemodynamics indices) Score (P = 0.002), mean blood flow velocity (P = 0.014), maximal blood flow velocity (P = 0.04) and minimum blood flow velocity (P < 0.001), whereas the age-related increases in pulse wave velocity (P = 0.022), characteristic impedance (P = 0.021) and peripheral resistance (P = 0."}],"candidate_sources":[]},{"claim_id":"claim_2","claim":"Evidence-honesty note: 35/46 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_3","claim":"Tai chi is widely promoted as a low-impact mind-body exercise for older adults, yet its purported benefits span heterogeneous cardiometabolic, skeletal, cognitive, and psychological endpoints, and the strength of supporting human evidence varies sharply across these domains.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_4","claim":"We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis, mapping 46 curated primary studies and reviews onto standardized outcome categories, with each claim auditable back to a coded source rather than pooled narratively.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_5","claim":"Three explicit within-corpus contradictions recur: Yin 2023 (negative direction on hypertensive outcomes) versus Li 2021 (positive direction on cerebrovascular indices); Hao 2019 versus Yang 2021 (mixed direction on knee-related strength); and Hu 2021 (positive on osteoarthritis pain) versus Kuang 2024, Lin 2024, and Lei 2022 (null on anxiety, falls, and motor function), each of which should temper any single-domain enthusiasm.","citation_support":[{"source_id":"source_7","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves age‐associated decline in cerebrovascular function: a cross‐sectional study","doi":"10.1186/s12877-021-02196-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02196-9","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"Li 2021","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"indirect","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Tai Chi exercise has been reported to enhance physical and mental health in the older adults; however, the mechanism remains elusive. TRIAL DESIGN: We recruited 289 older adults practicing Tai Chi for over 3 years, together with 277 age-matched older and 102 young adults as controls. 168 Tai Chi practitioners were successfully matched to 168 older controls aged 60-69 based on a propensity score for statistics. METHODS: Cerebrovascular function was evaluated by measuring the hemodynamics of the carotid artery. Spearman correlation was performed to validate the age-associated physiological parameters. RESULTS: Cerebrovascular function in older adults significantly degenerated compared with the young, and was substantially correlated with age. Compared with the older control group, Tai Chi practitioners showed significant improvements in CVHI (cerebral vascular hemodynamics indices) Score (P = 0.002), mean blood flow velocity (P = 0.014), maximal blood flow velocity (P = 0.04) and minimum blood flow velocity (P < 0.001), whereas the age-related increases in pulse wave velocity (P = 0.022), characteristic impedance (P = 0.021) and peripheral resistance (P = 0."}],"candidate_sources":[]},{"claim_id":"claim_6","claim":"Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_7","claim":"This synthesis evaluates evidence on tai chi exercise effects across 46 included source papers and 1561 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_8","claim":"The corpus contains 11 direct clinical sources, 35 adjacent, review, or context sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_9","claim":"The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_10","claim":"This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_11","claim":"The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_12","claim":"Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_13","claim":"Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_14","claim":"The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_15","claim":"For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_16","claim":"The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_17","claim":"The background evidence for tai chi exercise effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Chen 2025, Lyu 2026, Niu 2023 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as the retained evidence base, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.","citation_support":[{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"direct","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries."}],"candidate_sources":[]},{"claim_id":"claim_18","claim":"The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_19","claim":"Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the cardiometabolic and contextual adjacent evidence outcome classes; null signals around the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic, safety and comorbidity outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the cardiometabolic and muscle function outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_20","claim":"The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_21","claim":"The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_22","claim":"The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_23","claim":"Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_24","claim":"Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, muscle function, safety and comorbidity, skeletal, fracture, and bone); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_25","claim":"Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_26","claim":"Topic-fit rationale: Sources are retained only when they operationalize tai chi exercise effects directly or provide adjacent/contextual boundary evidence for the same construct. 11/46 retained sources are classified as direct; adjacent, contextual, review-level, or mechanistic sources are reclassified as boundary evidence rather than used for broad efficacy claims. Representative source-fit checks: Shin 2015 (indirect; Cardiometabolic), Chen 2025 (direct; Safety and Comorbidity), Lin 2024 (review; Contextual Adjacent Evidence), Yin 2023 (review; Cardiometabolic), Zhang 2026 (indirect; Contextual Adjacent Evidence).","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_27","claim":"Findings Map accounting note: each outcome-class n, direction count, directness count, and source roster is computed from the same source-level rows listed in the detailed table. Receipt-level direction is not a statement that the source abstracts lack directional statistics; it is the conservative coded polarity used for synthesis accounting. Outcome-class roster: Contextual Adjacent Evidence n=26 (direction: null=11; positive=2; unclear=13; directness: direct=3; indirect=13; review=10; sources: Chen 2021; Chen 2024; Chiang 2026; Dong 2023; Hao 2026; Hu 2021; Jain 2022; Jin 2026; Kang 2022; Kuang 2024; Lei 2022; Li 2024a; Li 2024b; Lin 2024; Lyu 2026; Perloff 2021; Sani 2023; Shen 2023; Wang 2020; Wang 2023; Wang 2024; Yeh 2020; You 2021; Zhang 2026; Zheng 2021; Zhou 2025); Cardiometabolic n=10 (direction: negative=1; null=5; positive=1; unclear=3; directness: direct=3; indirect=3; review=4; sources: Hu 2022; Li 2021; Liu 2016; Niu 2023; Niu 2024; Shi 2022; Shin 2015; Wu 2018; Xu 2025; Yin 2023); Safety and Comorbidity n=4 (direction: null=2; unclear=2; directness: direct=2; indirect=1; review=1; sources: Chen 2025; Jiao 2023; Li 2023; Shen 2010); Muscle Function n=3 (direction: mixed=1; negative=1; unclear=1; directness: direct=1; indirect=1; review=1; sources: Hao 2019; Kalebota 2024; Yang 2021); Skeletal, Fracture, and Bone n=3 (direction: unclear=3; directness: direct=2; review=1; sources: Kong 2023; Wayne 2012; Zhang 2024).","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_28","claim":"Tension-accounting note: disagreement counts are claim-level. Substantive tension still remains between biomarker-elevating studies and mixed/null clinical-endpoint studies, so these contrasts are treated as unresolved evidence gaps.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_29","claim":"| Evidence domain | Source | Direction | Directness | Tier | Evidence role | Finding |","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Although Tai Chi has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain and improving functional mobility in people with chronic pain, the mechanisms underlying its pain-relieving effects remain poorly understood. We assessed the efficacy of a Tai Chi intervention on pain-related sensory, emotional, and cognitive indices in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain. METHODS: A non-randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12 weeks in the community of Itoshima City, Fukuoka, Japan. Adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic pain were recruited and allocated to an intervention group or a control group. A total of 84 participants were allocated, with 44 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group. Chronic pain was defined as musculoskeletal pain lasting ≥ 3 months. Baseline characteristics of participants included age, sex, education, body mass index, comorbidities, current tobacco consumption, current alcohol consumption, and fall history. The control group received resistance training; the intervention group received resistance training and Tai Chi exercise.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lin 2024","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Few studies comparing the effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults. We compared the effects for finding an optimal intervention. METHODS: We searched 12 databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and so on, from their inception to January 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials incorporating different types of Tai Chi for preventing falls in older adults were included. The outcome measures were the incidence of falls and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using Stata 15.1 based on a frequentist framework. RESULTS: Seventeen trials were eligible, including 3470 participants and four types of Tai Chi. They were 24-form simplified Tai Chi (24-form), Yang style Tai Chi (Yang style), Sun style Tai Chi (Sun style) and Tai Chi exercise program (TCEP). In paired meta-analysis, for incidence of falls, 24-form (Relative Risk (RR) = 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.40, 0.86]) was more efficient than the control group. For BBS outcome, 24-form (MD (mean difference) = 2.32, 95% CI [1.42, 3.22]) was better than the control group.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yin 2023","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: The main treatment for essential hypertension at this stage is pharmacotherapy. Long-term pharmacotherapy is costly with some side effects. Tai Chi, a bright star in traditional Chinese arts, relaxes both mind and body and has been shown to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. This study aimed to systematically review the therapeutic effectiveness of the Tai Chi exercise cycle on blood pressure and cardiovascular risk factors of patients with essential hypertension. METHODS: Searching CNKI, VIP, CBM, PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science to collect randomized controlled trials about Tai Chi exercise in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search time ranged from the date of database construction to December 2022. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to evaluate the included trials. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan5.3 and Stata12.0 software. RESULTS: According to the meta-analysis, compared with the controls, Tai Chi exercise with a cycle of more than 12 weeks may be better for the reduction of systolic blood pressure (SBP) [MD = -11.72, 95% CI (-15.52, -7.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the acute effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with Tai Chi exercise on the short-term emotions of elderly males, and comparatively analyzed the characteristics of acute emotional responses to short-term exposure to different environment types paired with Tai Chi exercise, as well as differences in the maintenance of acute emotional effects following subsequent exposure to different environments after the combined intervention. METHODS: Elderly males from Qinlou Subdistrict, Donggang District, Rizhao City, Shandong Province were recruited and assigned to four groups using the random number table method: conventional environment + Tai Chi (TJQ, N = 23), green environment + Tai Chi (GTJQ, N = 24), blue environment + Tai Chi (BTJQ, N = 23), and balanced green-blue environment + Tai Chi (GBTJQ, N = 24). An acute longitudinal dual-intervention model of \"short-term green and blue exposure + short-term Tai Chi exercise + short-term continuous green and blue exposure\" was implemented.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lyu 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep quality declines with age in older adults, and pharmacological interventions have multiple limitations. As a safe and accessible mind-body exercise, Tai Chi has preliminary evidence supporting its sleep-improving effects, but objective mechanistic studies based on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) remain scarce. Objective: This study aimed to clarify the effect of Tai Chi intervention on improving sleep quality in older adults and reveal its core mechanism through regulating sleep EEG characteristics, using a combination of questionnaires and sleep EEG monitoring. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial design was adopted, enrolling 67 older adults aged 65-75 years with mild sleep disturbance, who were randomly divided into the Tai Chi group (n=33) and the control group (n=34). The Tai Chi group received 12 weeks of standardized 24-form Tai Chi training (5 times per week, 60 minutes per session), while the control group maintained daily activities without regular exercise. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and sleep diaries.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_30","claim":"| Cardiometabolic | Hu 2022: Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Balance Function in Stroke Patients: An Overview of Systematic Review | direction=null | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null | finding=1 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding |","citation_support":[{"source_id":"source_40","study":"Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Balance Function in Stroke Patients: An Overview of Systematic Review","doi":"10.1155/2022/3895514","url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3895514","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"Hu 2022","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Tai chi (TC) has received increased attention in stroke rehabilitation, yet services are greatly underutilized. An increasing number of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (SRs/MAs) have begun to investigate the effects of TC on balance function in stroke patients. The aim of this current study was to systematically collate, appraise, and synthesize the results of these SRs/MAs using a systematic overview. METHODS: Eight databases were searched: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, SinoMed, Chongqing VIP, and Wanfang Data. SRs/MAs of TC on balance function in stroke patients were included. Literature selection, data extraction, and assessment of the review quality were performed by two independent reviewers. Methodological quality was assessed by the Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR-2), reporting quality by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), and evidence quality by Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). RESULTS: Nine SRs/MAs were included in this study."}],"candidate_sources":[]}]}