{"publication_id":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","content_hash":"sha256:00618a66edface0b43fcd816771e3e2983a8cdefb310745d2ef23b4c993985e3","nodes":[{"id":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","type":"publication","title":"Researka Agent-Certified Evidence Brief: Aerobic Exercise and Human Geroscience"},{"id":"claim_1","type":"claim","text":"This synthesis tests the thesis that evidence for Aerobic exercise is context-dependent, separating outcome-specific signals from broader claims and identifying the evidence gaps that should bound interpretation."},{"id":"claim_2","type":"claim","text":"Aerobic exercise is widely promoted for healthy aging, yet the evidence linking it to cardiometabolic and functional outcomes in older adults remains heterogeneous, raising the question of whether mechanistic plausibility translates into consistent clinical benefit."},{"id":"claim_3","type":"claim","text":"This synthesis applied a structured, AI-assisted evidence appraisal to 129 curated reference papers spanning observational cohorts, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses, with each claim anchored to sources and effect-direction coding."},{"id":"claim_4","type":"claim","text":"A systematic review of long-term aerobic exercise reported improved vascular function into old age with a pooled effect (P < 0.001), yet individual studies frequently returned null cardiometabolic results, creating cross-study disagreements across outcome classes in the evidence matrix (Campbell 2019)."},{"id":"claim_5","type":"claim","text":"We conclude that aerobic exercise possesses genuine mechanistic support—particularly for inflammation and vascular function—but the anti-aging clinical case as currently constituted is incomplete: functional outcomes are inconsistent, drug–exercise interactions selectively suppress expected adaptations, and boundary conditions for dose, modality, and comorbidity status remain to be established by adequately powered trials."},{"id":"claim_6","type":"claim","text":"This manuscript is reported as a Evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary `methods_pack.json` and the timestamped submission directory `synthesis-aerobic_exercise-v06-FINALREVIEWER-2026-05-17T11-26-01Z`."},{"id":"claim_7","type":"claim","text":"The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating."},{"id":"claim_8","type":"claim","text":"Per-source risk-of-bias was rated using design-appropriate Cochrane RoB-2 (RCTs), ROBINS-I (non-randomised studies), and AMSTAR-2 (systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Ratings recorded in `risk_of_bias.json`."},{"id":"claim_9","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual other, deficiency and prevalence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, frailty, immune, longevity, mortality and survival, muscle function); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates."},{"id":"claim_10","type":"claim","text":"Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified."},{"id":"claim_11","type":"claim","text":"| Contextual Other | n=70; claims=1888 | null signal in 62/70 sources | 60 indirect; 10 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |"},{"id":"claim_12","type":"claim","text":"| Muscle Function | n=26; claims=941 | null signal in 16/26 sources | 22 indirect; 4 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |"},{"id":"claim_13","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | n=19; claims=693 | null signal in 16/19 sources | 17 indirect; 2 review | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |"},{"id":"claim_14","type":"claim","text":"| Frailty | n=4; claims=62 | null signal in 2/4 sources | 4 indirect | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |"},{"id":"claim_15","type":"claim","text":"| Dosing Pharmacokinetics | n=2; claims=40 | null signal in 2/2 sources | 2 indirect | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |"},{"id":"claim_16","type":"claim","text":"| Deficiency Prevalence | n=1; claims=9 | null signal in 1/1 sources | 1 indirect | single-source slice; hypothesis-generating |"},{"id":"claim_17","type":"claim","text":"| Mortality Survival | n=1; claims=3 | null signal in 1/1 sources | 1 indirect | single-source slice; hypothesis-generating |"},{"id":"claim_18","type":"claim","text":"This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate."},{"id":"claim_19","type":"claim","text":"70 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: negative=1, null=62, positive=4, unclear=3. Directness coding: indirect=60, review=10."},{"id":"claim_20","type":"claim","text":"26 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: mixed=2, negative=2, null=16, positive=3, unclear=3. Directness coding: indirect=22, review=4."},{"id":"claim_21","type":"claim","text":"19 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: negative=1, null=16, unclear=2. Directness coding: indirect=17, review=2."},{"id":"claim_22","type":"claim","text":"5 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2, unclear=3. Directness coding: indirect=4, review=1."},{"id":"claim_23","type":"claim","text":"4 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: mixed=1, negative=1, null=2. Directness coding: indirect=4."},{"id":"claim_24","type":"claim","text":"2 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=2. Directness coding: indirect=2."},{"id":"claim_25","type":"claim","text":"1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1."},{"id":"claim_26","type":"claim","text":"1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1."},{"id":"claim_27","type":"claim","text":"The curated corpus is dominated by observational cohort designs, with no long-term mortality-focused randomized controlled trial of aerobic exercise in non-diabetic older adults included. Outcomes related to all-cause mortality and hard cardiovascular events were addressed only indirectly — for example, Moore 2012 and Mok 2019 reported pooled cohort associations between leisure-time physical activity and mortality, but neither constituted a controlled intervention trial. Consequently, causal claims linking aerobic exercise to survival benefit in this synthesis remain inferred rather than demonstrated. This gap is clinically significant because mortality reduction is often the ultimate justification for exercise prescription in aging guidelines, yet the corpus lacks the trial-level evidence needed to confirm or quantify that benefit."},{"id":"claim_28","type":"claim","text":"Several outcome domains are represented by a single study within the corpus, precluding internal replication or meta-analytic pooling. For instance, Konopka 2019 alone examined the interaction between metformin and aerobic exercise on mitochondrial adaptations, while Gillen 2016 alone compared sprint interval training to moderate-intensity continuous training for cardiometabolic outcomes. Single-trial findings cannot be cross-validated within the synthesis, leaving their effect-size estimates vulnerable to idiosyncratic sample characteristics. Similarly, dose-response evidence for aerobic exercise on cognition rests on a single pilot RCT (Vidoni 2015), and no other included study directly tests dose as a moderating variable for cognitive endpoints."},{"id":"claim_29","type":"claim","text":"Where the corpus has mechanistic or biological-plausibility evidence, clinical claims remain inadequately supported. Yet no included study links these mechanistic changes to downstream clinical endpoints such as hospitalization, disability-free survival, or quality-adjusted life years. This mechanism-to-clinic gap means that the synthesis cannot bridge from biological signal to treatment recommendation without additional trial evidence that connects the intermediate biomarker changes to patient-relevant outcomes."},{"id":"claim_30","type":"claim","text":"The final interpretation is deliberately tiered. Aerobic Exercise has a biologically plausible geroscience rationale and selected clinical signals, but the corpus does not support treating mechanistic target engagement, intermediate biomarkers, and patient-relevant outcomes as interchangeable evidence."},{"id":"source_1","type":"source","study":"PMC10673924 prospective association of occupational and leisure time phy","year":2024,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_2","type":"source","study":"PMC8308714 eating speed physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness","year":2024,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_3","type":"source","study":"PMC9876872 effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on mea","year":2024,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_4","type":"source","study":"PMC8637860 5 years of exercise intervention did not benefit cognition c","year":2024,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_5","type":"source","study":"PMC9095946 whole body and muscle responses to aerobic exercise training","year":2024,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_6","type":"source","study":"PMC6351883 metformin inhibits mitochondrial adaptations to aerobic exer","year":2024,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_7","type":"source","study":"PMC10594526 the effects of pilates exercise training combined with walki","year":2023,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_8","type":"source","study":"PMC4846072 twelve weeks of sprint interval training improves indices of","year":2023,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_9","type":"source","study":"PMC10315841 bidirectional associations between adiposity and physical ac","year":2023,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_10","type":"source","study":"PMC3665513 age related decrease in physical activity and functional fit","year":2023,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_11","type":"source","study":"PMC3362060 physical activity is associated with weight loss and increas","year":2023,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_12","type":"source","study":"PMC2882898 physical activity and functional limitations in older adults","year":2023,"doi":null,"url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_13","type":"source","study":"Kujawska 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-023-46947-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-46947-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_14","type":"source","study":"Kang 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.3390/nu13072420","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072420","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_15","type":"source","study":"Markov 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.1007/s40279-022-01764-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-022-01764-2","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_16","type":"source","study":"Sokoowski 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_17","type":"source","study":"Latimer 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.1183/13993003.01507-2021","url":"https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01507-2021","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_18","type":"source","study":"Konopka 2019","year":2019,"doi":"10.1111/acel.12880","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.12880","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_19","type":"source","study":"Zaggelidou 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.3390/jfmk8040140","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8040140","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_20","type":"source","study":"Gillen 2016","year":2016,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0154075","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154075","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_21","type":"source","study":"Le 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fendo.2023.1135852","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1135852","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_22","type":"source","study":"Milanovic 2013","year":2013,"doi":"10.2147/CIA.S44112","url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S44112","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_23","type":"source","study":"Kim 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.3390/s21124204","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s21124204","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_24","type":"source","study":"Fassora 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.1177/1358863X211034577","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1358863X211034577","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_25","type":"source","study":"Danilovich 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.1093/geroni/igad104.1655","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.1655","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_26","type":"source","study":"Gomez-Sanchez 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.1186/s13293-022-00456-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-022-00456-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_27","type":"source","study":"Kolunsarka 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.1093/eurpub/ckae114.089","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckae114.089","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_28","type":"source","study":"Reyes-Amigo 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1644819","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1644819","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_29","type":"source","study":"Bull 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_30","type":"source","study":"Winder 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fped.2025.1527132","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2025.1527132","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_31","type":"source","study":"Pedersen 2018","year":2018,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-018-6144-8","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6144-8","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_32","type":"source","study":"Burden 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.1542/peds.2021-056003","url":"https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-056003","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_33","type":"source","study":"Aadland 2012","year":2012,"doi":"10.1155/2012/810594","url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/810594","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_34","type":"source","study":"Andersen 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060157","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_35","type":"source","study":"Deenik 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1592","url":"https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.1592","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_36","type":"source","study":"Hamborg 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.1177/20552076241239243","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241239243","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_37","type":"source","study":"Nyongesa 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.1002/alz70863_110518","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz70863_110518","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_38","type":"source","study":"Nyongesa 2025b","year":2025,"doi":"10.1002/alz70860_101719","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz70860_101719","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_39","type":"source","study":"Cleland 2018","year":2018,"doi":"10.1186/s12874-018-0642-3","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-018-0642-3","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_40","type":"source","study":"Schmitt 2018","year":2018,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00690","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00690","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_41","type":"source","study":"An 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.3390/ijerph17134817","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134817","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_42","type":"source","study":"Chang 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.3390/ijerph20021407","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021407","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_43","type":"source","study":"Ekblom-Bak 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.1177/14034948221151137","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948221151137","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_44","type":"source","study":"Paterson 2010","year":2010,"doi":"10.1186/1479-5868-7-38","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-38","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_45","type":"source","study":"Franklin 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.1159/000541165","url":"https://doi.org/10.1159/000541165","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_46","type":"source","study":"Koeneman 2011","year":2011,"doi":"10.1186/1479-5868-8-142","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-142","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_47","type":"source","study":"Rasmussen 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-020-8458-6","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8458-6","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_48","type":"source","study":"Yamauchi 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.1093/geroni/igab046.3244","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.3244","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_49","type":"source","study":"Thode 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101489","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101489","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_50","type":"source","study":"Mullen 2011","year":2011,"doi":"10.1186/1479-5868-8-103","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-103","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_51","type":"source","study":"Taylor 2013","year":2013,"doi":"10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-131366","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-131366","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_52","type":"source","study":"Reyer 2014","year":2014,"doi":"10.3390/ijerph110605849","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110605849","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_53","type":"source","study":"Ginoux 2019","year":2019,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-019-6598-3","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6598-3","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_54","type":"source","study":"Chaput 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.1186/s12966-020-01037-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01037-z","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_55","type":"source","study":"Laye 2015","year":2015,"doi":"10.1155/2015/806418","url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/806418","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_56","type":"source","study":"Lona 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2020.613003","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.613003","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_57","type":"source","study":"Parnell 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.3390/children8070552","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children8070552","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_58","type":"source","study":"Campbell 2019","year":2019,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2019.00031","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00031","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_59","type":"source","study":"Hemmati 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.5606/tftrd.2024.14876","url":"https://doi.org/10.5606/tftrd.2024.14876","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_60","type":"source","study":"Brickwood 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.2196/18686","url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/18686","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_61","type":"source","study":"Elnaggar 2026","year":2026,"doi":"10.3390/healthcare14050608","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14050608","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_62","type":"source","study":"Thomas 2019","year":2019,"doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000016218","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000016218","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_63","type":"source","study":"Mller 2017","year":2017,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-017-4521-3","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4521-3","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_64","type":"source","study":"Lo 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.3390/ijerph18010101","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18010101","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_65","type":"source","study":"Senechal 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-98731-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98731-0","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_66","type":"source","study":"Visser 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0235","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0235","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_67","type":"source","study":"Berk 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.3390/jcm13195751","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13195751","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_68","type":"source","study":"Mok 2019","year":2019,"doi":"10.1136/bmj.l2323","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l2323","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_69","type":"source","study":"Berglind 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.2196/14615","url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/14615","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_70","type":"source","study":"Langland 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.1186/s13102-021-00295-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-021-00295-z","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_71","type":"source","study":"Rodriguez-Rodriguez 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.3390/life15030412","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/life15030412","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_72","type":"source","study":"Chapman 2013","year":2013,"doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2013.00075","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2013.00075","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_73","type":"source","study":"Herbolsheimer 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-024-17675-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-17675-y","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_74","type":"source","study":"Reisberg 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.3390/sports12090237","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090237","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_75","type":"source","study":"Haley 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2024/v36i1a18872","url":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516X/2024/v36i1a18872","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_76","type":"source","study":"Gault 2017","year":2017,"doi":"10.15171/hpp.2017.38","url":"https://doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2017.38","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_77","type":"source","study":"Tanaka 2012","year":2012,"doi":"10.1007/s10396-012-0408-1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10396-012-0408-1","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_78","type":"source","study":"Diao 2026","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2026.1800039","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1800039","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_79","type":"source","study":"Smith 2017","year":2017,"doi":"10.1186/s12966-017-0509-8","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0509-8","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_80","type":"source","study":"Mortensen 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.1136/bmjdrc-2023-003493","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2023-003493","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_81","type":"source","study":"Ferreira 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fspor.2024.1447866","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1447866","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_82","type":"source","study":"Kwilosz 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.3390/nu17193166","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193166","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_83","type":"source","study":"Sewell 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.3389/fspor.2024.1368262","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2024.1368262","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_84","type":"source","study":"Burzynska 2014","year":2014,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0107413","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107413","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_85","type":"source","study":"Knaeps 2016","year":2016,"doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2016-096083","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096083","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_86","type":"source","study":"Nezondet 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.3390/children10040712","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children10040712","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_87","type":"source","study":"Zangger 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.1177/20552076241233158","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241233158","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_88","type":"source","study":"Wickramarachchi 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.1177/23337214231158476","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/23337214231158476","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_89","type":"source","study":"Moore 2012","year":2012,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_90","type":"source","study":"Mora-Gonzalez 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.3390/ijerph17030877","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030877","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_91","type":"source","study":"Mortensen 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-002935","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-002935","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_92","type":"source","study":"Wang 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1545481","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1545481","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_93","type":"source","study":"Silva 2019","year":2019,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-019-7062-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7062-0","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_94","type":"source","study":"Dogra 2012","year":2012,"doi":"10.1155/2012/190654","url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/190654","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_95","type":"source","study":"Vidoni 2015","year":2015,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0131647","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131647","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_96","type":"source","study":"Moschny 2011","year":2011,"doi":"10.1186/1479-5868-8-121","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-121","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_97","type":"source","study":"Petersen 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.1186/s12966-020-01067-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-01067-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_98","type":"source","study":"Gheysen 2018","year":2018,"doi":"10.1186/s12966-018-0697-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0697-x","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_99","type":"source","study":"Maginador 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.3390/cancers12082240","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082240","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_100","type":"source","study":"Maruf 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.1186/s13102-023-00622-6","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-023-00622-6","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_101","type":"source","study":"Izzicupo 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.3389/fspor.2021.624449","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.624449","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_102","type":"source","study":"Takahashi 2018","year":2018,"doi":"10.3390/nu10111735","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111735","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_103","type":"source","study":"Steene-Johannessen 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.1186/s12966-020-00930-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00930-x","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_104","type":"source","study":"Cai 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1635020","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1635020","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_105","type":"source","study":"Hongu 2019","year":2019,"doi":"10.3390/sports7010023","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7010023","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_106","type":"source","study":"Dorsman 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2020.00104","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00104","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_107","type":"source","study":"Acree 2006","year":2006,"doi":"10.1186/1477-7525-4-37","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-4-37","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_108","type":"source","study":"Fortier 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.7717/peerj.13832","url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13832","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_109","type":"source","study":"Vicente-Gabriel 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2024.1322437","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1322437","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_110","type":"source","study":"Szalo 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.1186/s12872-021-01911-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-01911-z","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_111","type":"source","study":"Tucker 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.3390/children11010022","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/children11010022","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_112","type":"source","study":"Gomez-Sanchez 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.31083/j.rcm2411318","url":"https://doi.org/10.31083/j.rcm2411318","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_113","type":"source","study":"Barnett 2017","year":2017,"doi":"10.1186/s12966-017-0558-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0558-z","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_114","type":"source","study":"Zheng 2019","year":2019,"doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2019.00098","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00098","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_115","type":"source","study":"Ekelund 2019","year":2019,"doi":"10.1136/bmj.l4570","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4570","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_116","type":"source","study":"Schoemaker 2019","year":2019,"doi":"10.3390/ijerph17010098","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010098","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_117","type":"source","study":"Eades 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-94164-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94164-x","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_118","type":"source","study":"Neophytou 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.17159/2078-516X/2024/v36i1a15245","url":"https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516X/2024/v36i1a15245","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_119","type":"source","study":"Hart 2011","year":2011,"doi":"10.1186/1479-5868-8-62","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-62","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_120","type":"source","study":"Albrecht 2020","year":2020,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0228053","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228053","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_121","type":"source","study":"Sloan 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.2196/34717","url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/34717","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_122","type":"source","study":"Cefis 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.101968","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2025.101968","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_123","type":"source","study":"Mello 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0317578","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317578","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_124","type":"source","study":"AOYAMA 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003902","url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003902","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_125","type":"source","study":"Janssen 2010","year":2010,"doi":"10.1186/1479-5868-7-40","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_126","type":"source","study":"Salisbury 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.3390/jvd2030027","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/jvd2030027","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_127","type":"source","study":"Rogers 2017","year":2017,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0170878","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170878","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_128","type":"source","study":"Awuviry-Newton 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pgph.0001014","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001014","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_129","type":"source","study":"Luijk 2024","year":2024,"doi":"10.1177/20552076241286641","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076241286641","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_130","type":"source","study":"Zeng 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.1093/geroni/igaf122.2376","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaf122.2376","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_131","type":"source","study":"Melby 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-022-13517-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13517-x","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_132","type":"source","study":"Donath 2017","year":2017,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-017-0634-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-017-0634-x","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_133","type":"source","study":"Elias 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2021.740442","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.740442","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_134","type":"source","study":"Mauro 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.7717/peerj.14123","url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14123","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_135","type":"source","study":"Murlasits 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001458","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001458","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_136","type":"source","study":"Ramos 2026","year":2026,"doi":"10.1155/jare/8981398","url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jare/8981398","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_137","type":"source","study":"McPhee 2016","year":2016,"doi":"10.1007/s10522-016-9641-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-016-9641-0","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_138","type":"source","study":"Thomas 2021","year":2021,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-021-87914-4","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87914-4","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_139","type":"source","study":"Jaakkola 2022","year":2022,"doi":"10.1093/eurpub/ckac095.042","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckac095.042","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_140","type":"source","study":"Li 2023","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fspor.2022.1036777","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.1036777","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_141","type":"source","study":"Hart 2025","year":2025,"doi":"10.1093/geroni/igaf122.4005","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaf122.4005","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_142","type":"source","study":"ADA 2024","year":null,"doi":"10.2337/dc24-S006","url":"https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-S006","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_143","type":"source","study":"Cruz-Jentoft 2019","year":null,"doi":"10.1093/ageing/afy169","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"id":"source_144","type":"source","study":"Ioannidis 2005","year":null,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"}],"edges":[{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_1","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_2","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_3","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_4","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_5","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_6","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_7","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_8","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_9","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_10","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_11","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_12","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_13","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_14","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_15","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_16","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_17","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_18","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_19","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_20","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_21","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_22","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_23","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_24","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_25","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_26","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_27","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_28","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_29","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"4e939420-aa6e-4b0e-9f24-335cb59cf96d","to":"claim_30","type":"contains_claim"}],"screening":{"identified":129,"screened":129,"excluded":0,"included":129,"included_or_retained":129,"flow":["identified","screened","excluded_with_reasons","included"],"wording":"129 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. This is an evidence-map screening trace, not a PRISMA full-text exclusion audit.","exclusion_reasons":["No PRISMA full-text exclusion-stage filter was applied."]}}