{"publication_id":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","content_hash":"sha256:7a3a177d1612a869ba9fd393a0c675d027efed380c4be6f3c63294777fc2d2c4","nodes":[{"id":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","type":"publication","title":"Research Synthesis: Resistance Training Rt Effects — full paper"},{"id":"claim_1","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-honesty note: 11/15 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims. Resistance training (RT) is widely prescribed to improve muscle mass, glycemic control, and frailty-related outcomes, yet the breadth of claimed benefits spans cardiometabolic, musculoskeletal, immune, and quality-of-life endpoints without a unified quantitative synthesis. Because individual trials enroll heterogeneous populations — type 2 diabetes (T2DM), multiple sclerosis, sarcopenic older adults, youth athletes, and hypothyroid patients — the central clinical question is whether RT produces consistent, clinically meaningful effects on cardiometabolic and muscle-function endpoints across these adult populations, and where the boundary conditions lie. We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis of 15 curated reference papers, linking each source to study design, outcome class, and directness to maintain an audit trail from primary findings to the integrating claim."},{"id":"claim_2","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-honesty note: 11/15 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims."},{"id":"claim_3","type":"claim","text":"We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis of 15 curated reference papers, linking each source to study design, outcome class, and directness to maintain an audit trail from primary findings to the integrating claim."},{"id":"claim_4","type":"claim","text":"Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence."},{"id":"claim_5","type":"claim","text":"This synthesis evaluates evidence on resistance training (RT) effects across 15 included source papers and 1311 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty."},{"id":"claim_6","type":"claim","text":"The corpus contains 4 direct clinical sources, 11 adjacent, review, or context sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence."},{"id":"claim_7","type":"claim","text":"The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation."},{"id":"claim_8","type":"claim","text":"This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance."},{"id":"claim_9","type":"claim","text":"The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof."},{"id":"claim_10","type":"claim","text":"Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection."},{"id":"claim_11","type":"claim","text":"Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints."},{"id":"claim_12","type":"claim","text":"The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific."},{"id":"claim_13","type":"claim","text":"For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint."},{"id":"claim_14","type":"claim","text":"The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge."},{"id":"claim_15","type":"claim","text":"The background evidence for resistance training (RT) effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Piralaiy 2025, Nezhad 2024, Ramezani 2026 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as the retained evidence base, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation."},{"id":"claim_16","type":"claim","text":"The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect."},{"id":"claim_17","type":"claim","text":"Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the contextual adjacent evidence outcome class; null signals around the muscle function, dosing and pharmacokinetics, safety and comorbidity outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the cardiometabolic outcome class. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation."},{"id":"claim_18","type":"claim","text":"The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty."},{"id":"claim_19","type":"claim","text":"The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support."},{"id":"claim_20","type":"claim","text":"The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text."},{"id":"claim_21","type":"claim","text":"Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification."},{"id":"claim_22","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, frailty, immune and inflammation, muscle function, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates."},{"id":"claim_23","type":"claim","text":"Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified."},{"id":"claim_24","type":"claim","text":"| Evidence domain | Source | Direction | Directness | Tier | Evidence role | Finding |"},{"id":"claim_25","type":"claim","text":"| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | Lv 2026: Additional treatment strategies for hypothyroidism: a network meta-analysis | direction=unclear | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear | finding=14 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"claim_26","type":"claim","text":"| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | Martini 2026: No Differences in Muscular Adaptations to Long‐Term Resistance Training Between Young Strict Vegetarian and Non‐Vegetarian Women | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | B2 | outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear | finding=representative statistic P < 0.001; source-level statistic reported |"},{"id":"claim_27","type":"claim","text":"| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | Tan 2026: Effects of different training on lower limb explosive power in youth soccer players: a systematic review and network meta-analysis | direction=mixed | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=mixed | finding=representative non-significant statistic P = 0.098; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded |"},{"id":"claim_28","type":"claim","text":"| Contextual Adjacent Evidence | Ucar 2025: Short-term resistance training enhances functional and physiological markers in older women: implications for biomechanical and health interventions in aging | direction=positive | directness=indirect | B2 | outcome=Biomarker/Adjacent Evidence; direction=positive | finding=representative statistic P < 0.001; source-level statistic reported |"},{"id":"claim_29","type":"claim","text":"| Dosing and Pharmacokinetics | Jin 2026: Comparative efficacy of various exercise types and doses for quality of life in patients with heart failure: a network and dose–response meta-analysis | direction=null | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Dosing and Pharmacokinetics; direction=null | finding=28 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"claim_30","type":"claim","text":"| Muscle Function | PablosRodriguez 2026: Effectiveness and Safety of Interventions for Sarcopenia in Advanced Prostate Carcinoma: Systematic Review | direction=null | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Muscle Function; direction=null | finding=22 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"source_1","type":"source","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses."},{"id":"source_2","type":"source","study":"The effects of resistance training on myostatin in older adults with frailty and/or sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-026-01655-3","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chu 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: Myostatin (MSTN) is regarded as a key factor influencing skeletal muscle strength and function, and elevated circulating levels of MSTN may be closely associated with age-related sarcopenia and frailty. Given the limitations of pharmacological interventions, exercise intervention may emerge as a potential non-pharmacological strategy to regulate MSTN concentration. Therefore, this study aims to systematically evaluate the effect of resistance training (RT) on serum MSTN levels in elderly individuals with sarcopenia/frailty using meta-analysis. METHODS: In accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in Chinese and English databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), for relevant studies from database inception to November 2025. Two researchers independently performed literature screening, literature searching, data extraction, and assessed the risk of bias of included studies using the original Cochrane risk of bias tool (The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials)."},{"id":"source_3","type":"source","study":"Differential Effects of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Trainings on First- and Second-Phase Insulin Secretion and Glucose Effectiveness in Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1155/jdr/9922344","url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jdr/9922344","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Piralaiy 2025","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: This randomized controlled trial evaluated the differential effects of aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), and combined training (CT) on biphasic insulin secretion and glucose effectiveness (GE) in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Forty-five male T2DM patients (mean age: 55.24 ± 8.17 years; disease duration: 12.51 ± 6.46 years; baseline HbA1c: 7.1% ± 1.0%) were randomized to 12-week AT ( n = 11), RT ( n = 11), CT ( n = 11), or control ( n = 12) groups. AT involved progressive aerobic exercise (25-45 min at 70%-75% maximum heart rate, thrice weekly). RT comprised nine multijoint exercises (2-3 sets, 8-12 repetitions, thrice weekly). CT combined the full AT protocol with a modified RT regimen (one set, twice weekly). First-phase insulin secretion (FPIS), second-phase insulin secretion (SPIS), and GE were quantified using validated models pre- and postintervention. RESULTS: Adjusting for baseline values, age, and diabetes duration, ANCOVA revealed significant between-group differences in FPIS ( F [3, 38] = 8.64, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.406), SPIS ( F [3, 38] = 6.93, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.354), and GE ( F [3, 38] = 5.57, p = 0.003, η 2 = 0.305)."},{"id":"source_4","type":"source","study":"Resistance training modifies of serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases in multiple sclerosis women - a randomized controlled trail","year":2024,"doi":"10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-024-00856-1","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Nezhad 2024","excerpt":"The objectives of the present study was to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) on serum levels of controlling blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability indices and cognitive performance in MS women (MS-W). In this randomized control trail study (IRCT registration code: IRCT20120912010824N3, 07.09.2023), twenty-five MS-W were randomly divided into sedentary (MS) and resistance exercise (12 weeks/3 times per week/ 60-80% of 1RM) (MS + RT) groups. Fifteen healthy aged-matched women participated as a control group (HCON). The serum level of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), tissue metalloproteinase inhibitors-1 (TIMP-1), tissue metalloproteinase inhibitors-2 (TIMP-2), and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) were assessed. In addition, cognitive performance was assessed pre- and post- intervention with the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS). A significant reduction in MMP-2, TIMP-2 serum levels, and MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio were observed in post-test for MS + RT group (p < 0.01) in comparison to the HCON and MS groups; however, no changes were observed in MMP-9, TIMP-1, S100B and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio after RT (p > 0.05)."},{"id":"source_5","type":"source","study":"Effects of resistance, endurance, and combined exercise training on body composition, glycemic control, and serum albumin in women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled study","year":2026,"doi":"10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metop.2026.100475","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Ramezani 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate serum albumin (ALB) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes following different exercise protocols and to examine its association with body composition as a factor related to muscle atrophy. METHODS: In this pre-test/post-test clinical trial, 60 women with type 2 diabetes (aged 48-58 years) were selected and randomly assigned to resistance training (RT), endurance training (ET), combined training (CT), or control (CO) groups. The exercise interventions were conducted for 8 weeks, three sessions per week. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to examine differences between groups, and Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to assess the relationships between albumin and SMM, FMS, and BMI indices. RESULTS: All exercise modalities significantly improved anthropometric and metabolic outcomes compared with control (P < 0.05). Combined training (CT) produced the greatest reductions in body weight (-6.99 ± 1.69 kg), BMI (-3.06 ± 0.20 kg/m 2 ), fasting blood glucose (-24.16 ± 7.15 mg/dL), and HbA1c (-2.35 ± 0.84%; all P < 0.001). Resistance training (RT) induced the largest increase in skeletal muscle mass (+1."},{"id":"source_6","type":"source","study":"No Differences in Muscular Adaptations to Long‐Term Resistance Training Between Young Strict Vegetarian and Non‐Vegetarian Women","year":2026,"doi":"10.1111/sms.70224","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.70224","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Martini 2026","excerpt":"Some evidence suggests that strict vegetarian and non-vegetarian diets may influence muscular adaptations to resistance training (RT), but findings remain inconsistent. This study compared muscular and body composition adaptations in strict vegetarian (VEG) and non-vegetarian (NV) women following a 16-week RT program without protein supplementation. Twenty-five VEG (28.7 ± 4.6 years) and 20 NV (30.9 ± 6.5 years) trained twice per week while maintaining their usual diets. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included thigh and calf muscle thickness (MT) via ultrasonography, composite maximal strength (knee extensor, knee flexor, and plantar flexor 1-RM), and whole-body composition assessed by DXA. Dietary intake was monitored throughout the intervention. Both groups showed significant increases in thigh MT (VEG: 81.2 ± 9.9 to 85.6 ± 9.6 mm; NV: 80.8 ± 9.9 to 87.3 ± 9.6 mm; all p < 0.001) and in composite maximal strength (VEG 106.9 ± 21.3 to 132.6 ± 21.6 kg; NV 107.9 ± 21.3 to 133.1 ± 21.8 kg; all p < 0.001), with no differences between groups. Thigh lean soft tissue (LST) increased significantly in both groups (p < 0."},{"id":"source_7","type":"source","study":"Effects of a 6-Week Concurrent Training Program Combining Resistance and Various Modalities of Aerobic Exercise in Obese Women with Prehypertension: A Randomized Controlled Trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.3390/metabo15040278","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15040278","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Yu 2025","excerpt":"Background/Objectives : Our study aimed to verify the effects of 6 weeks of concurrent training composed of resistance training (RT) and different modalities of aerobic exercise (moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT)) on body composition, blood pressure, vascular function, autonomic nervous system (ANS) function, blood lipid levels, cardiometabolic index (CMI), and health-related fitness in obese middle-aged women with prehypertension. Methods : We selected 26 middle-aged women with obesity and prehypertension and divided them equally into the RT + MICT (n = 13) and RT + HIIT (n = 13) groups. The concurrent training program consisted of warm-up, RT, aerobic exercise (MICT or HIIT), and cool-down, and was performed for 6 weeks, three times a week, 85-100 min per session. The measured dependent parameters were analyzed before and after training. Results : Concurrent training (RT + MICT and RT + HIIT) for 6 weeks showed significant improvements in body composition, blood pressure, vascular function, ANS function, CMI, and health-related fitness."},{"id":"source_8","type":"source","study":"The effect of resistance training on patients with secondary sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-79958-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79958-z","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Cheng 2024","excerpt":"To analyse the effectiveness of resistance training on secondary sarcopenia, we conducted a meta-analysis to elucidate the effects of resistance training (RT) on muscle strength (handgrip strength [HGS]), muscle mass (Skeletal muscle mass index [SMI]), and physical function (Gait speed [GS]) in patients with secondary sarcopenia. All studies published between 2015 and January 2024 on the effects of resistance training on patients with secondary sarcopenia were retrieved from 6 electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, Embase, the Cochrane Library, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) Core journals and the Wanfang Database. Two researchers independently extracted and evaluated studies that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 12 randomized controlled trials were included. Pooled analyses of baseline data and results were performed using Review Manager 5.3 with standardized mean variance (SMD) and random effects model. The study included 12 randomized controlled trials involving 639 patients (mean age 57.28 ± 2.66 to 79.6 ± 5.4 years)."},{"id":"source_9","type":"source","study":"Does High-Intensity Interval Training Increase Muscle Strength, Muscle Mass, and Muscle Endurance? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.3390/sports13090293","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports13090293","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Wiens 2025","excerpt":"High-intensity/sprint interval training (HIIT/SIT) improves aerobic and anaerobic performance, but it is unknown if HIIT/SIT increases strength, muscle mass/size, and muscle endurance (ME). We aimed to determine if HIIT/SIT increases strength, muscle mass/size, and ME. Databases (Ovid Medline, Sport Discus, EMBASE, and CINAHL) and the gray literature (Google Scholar) were searched for original research articles investigating the impact of HIIT/SIT on strength, muscle mass/size, and ME (23 March 2025). The risk of bias (ROB) was assessed via the Cochrane ROB 2 Tool. Meta-analyses were performed when three or more randomized controlled trials compared HIIT/SIT to a common comparator. Fifty-four studies were included ( N = 1136). Twenty-five studies had a high ROB, while twenty-nine had some concerns. Standardized mean differences (SMD) (95% CI) of 0.16; (-0.09, 0.40), 0.33; (-0.21, 0.87) were observed for meta-analyses comparing the effect of HIIT/SIT to moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and non-exercise controls (CON) on FFM, respectively. A meta-analysis comparing the effect of HIIT/SIT to resistance training (RT) on leg press strength yielded a SMD of -0."},{"id":"source_10","type":"source","study":"Short-term resistance training enhances functional and physiological markers in older women: implications for biomechanical and health interventions in aging","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1630525","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1630525","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Ucar 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: The impact of resistance training extends beyond the enhancement of muscle strength, encompassing improvements in physical performance, postural stability, and overall functional capacity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 4-week resistance training program on functional capacity, respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness, and liver density in healthy older women. METHODS: The study included 30 healthy women aged 60-80 years and was designed as a randomized controlled experimental trial. Participants were randomly assigned to a resistance training (RT) group or a control (CON) group. Each participant attended the laboratory on three occasions: during the initial visit, the study procedures were explained; the second visit involved baseline assessments (6MWT, diaphragm thickness and liver fat via ultrasound, and respiratory muscle strength); and final measurements were conducted after the 4-week training programme during the third visit. RESULTS: When pre- and post-training measurements were compared, the resistance training (RT) group demonstrated a significantly greater improvement (8."},{"id":"source_11","type":"source","study":"Effects of different training on lower limb explosive power in youth soccer players: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1769079","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1769079","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Tan 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Football demands high lower-limb explosive power for sprinting and jumping. Traditional youth training often emphasizes aerobic endurance and heavy resistance training, which may not optimally develop such power. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of five different training modes, including optimal power load (OPL), resistance training (RT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), jump training (JT) and combined training (CT), on the lower limb explosive strength of 12-19 years old adolescent soccer players. METHODS: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was conducted, with 29 studies identified from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, and VIP. Data were analyzed using Stata 17.0, with effect sizes calculated for 10 m and 30 m sprint times, squat jump (SJ), and countermovement jump (CMJ). RESULTS: All five training interventions showed statistically significant improvements lower-limb explosive power compared to control training. Network meta-analysis suggested that CT might be the most effective for improving SJ height (MD = 4.86 [95%CI:2.67 to 7.05], P < 0.01, SUCRA = 82."},{"id":"source_12","type":"source","study":"Comparative efficacy of various exercise types and doses for quality of life in patients with heart failure: a network and dose–response meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2026.1774345","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1774345","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Jin 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) significantly compromises quality of life (QoL). Although exercise interventions are a well-established strategy for improving QoL in patients with HF, the efficacy of various exercise modalities and effective doses remains unclear. This study aims to ascertain the efficacy of different exercise modalities and their relative doses in optimizing QoL in patients with HF. METHODS: This systematic review and network meta-analysis searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving exercise interventions were included. Data on dose metrics (METs-min/week), treatment regimens, exercise intensity, and study duration were extracted and analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty RCTs involving 1,780 participants were included in the review. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), combined aerobic and resistance training (CT), mind-body exercise (MBE), and resistance training (RT) all demonstrated substantial efficacy in improving QoL compared with the control group (SMD = -0.59, -0.57, -0.58, and -0.57; SUCRA: 64.8%, 63.9%, 62.1%, and 62%, respectively)."},{"id":"source_13","type":"source","study":"Effectiveness and Safety of Interventions for Sarcopenia in Advanced Prostate Carcinoma: Systematic Review","year":2026,"doi":"10.1002/jcsm.70290","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.70290","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"PablosRodriguez 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia has emerged as a potential prognostic factor in patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa), requiring interventions for its prevention and treatment. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to systematically identify, critically assess and synthesize the available evidence on the effectiveness and safety of interventions for preventing or treating sarcopenia in advanced PCa patients. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science were searched. Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials or longitudinal observational studies with a control group focusing on PCa patients aged 60 years and older were considered. Study selection, data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment of the included studies were performed in duplicate. When possible, pooled effect estimates were calculated. RESULTS: Twenty studies (n = 1275) were included. Resistance training (RT) (MD = 3.22 kg; 95% CI 0.69, 5.75) and the use of antimyostatin peptibody (MD = 2.2 kg; SE 0.8%) demonstrated statistically significant prevention of lean body mass loss in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Exercise improved leg press (MD = 25.17 kg; 95% CI [8.71, 41.62]), leg extension (MD = 9.63 kg; 95% CI [4."},{"id":"source_14","type":"source","study":"Arterial stiffness adaptations to chronic resistance and aerobic exercise: a systematic review of exercise modalities","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1701763","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1701763","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Shaw 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in older adults. Despite exercise being shown to positively influence arterial health, the relative effectiveness of various exercise modalities remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of resistance training (RT), aerobic training (AER), and concurrent aerobic plus resistance training (CON) on arterial stiffness in older adults, a recognised modifiable and independent cardiovascular risk factor. METHODS: A comprehensive search of Medline (EBSCO), EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and clinicaltrials.gov was conducted. The robust search strategy, which also included systematic reviews being hand-searched for relevant articles and a forward and backwards citation search on the included articles, was employed to reduce the risk of selection and publication biases. Studies included in the review assessed arterial stiffness using pulse wave velocity (PWV) and focused on individuals aged 60 years and above who participated in a chronic (≥ 8 weeks) structured exercise intervention (RT, AER, or CON)."},{"id":"source_15","type":"source","study":"Additional treatment strategies for hypothyroidism: a network meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1530/EC-26-0011","url":"https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-26-0011","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lv 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Hypothyroidism often impairs quality of life (QoL). This network meta-analysis (NMA) evaluated the efficacy and safety of additional interventions alongside levothyroxine (LT4). METHODS: This study adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and is registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251085765). PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the treatment of hypothyroidism. A Bayesian NMA was performed, reporting standardized mean differences (SMDs) or risk ratios (RRs) with 95% credible intervals (CrIs). Evidence certainty was assessed using the CINeMA framework. RESULTS: Thirty-five RCTs involving 3,508 patients were included. Compared with placebo, levothyroxine (LT4) + aerobic training (AT) + resistance training (RT) significantly reduced thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels (SMD = -3.97, 95% CrI: -5.76, -2.18, CINeMA: high certainty); LT4 + zinc (Zn) + magnesium (Mg) + vitamin A (VA) raised free thyroxine (FT4) (SMD = 1.95, 95% CrI: 1.37, 2.53, CINeMA: high certainty); and LT4 + Zn increased free triiodothyronine (FT3) (SMD = 1.46, 95% CrI: 0.40, 2.51, CINeMA: low certainty)."}],"edges":[{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_1","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_2","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_3","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_4","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_5","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_6","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_7","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_8","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_9","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_10","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_11","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_12","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_13","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_14","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_15","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_16","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_17","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_18","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_19","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_20","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_21","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_22","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_23","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_24","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_25","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_26","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_27","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_28","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_29","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"55002373-6c0b-43a9-8d3e-ecfdd6583aea","to":"claim_30","type":"contains_claim"}],"screening":{"identified":15,"screened":15,"excluded":0,"included":15,"included_or_retained":15,"flow":["identified","screened","excluded_with_reasons","included"],"wording":"15 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. 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