{"publication_id":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","traces":[{"claim_id":"claim_1","claim":"Evidence-honesty note: 54/85 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims. Resistance training is widely promoted across the lifespan for preserving muscle mass, strength, mobility, and metabolic health, yet the empirical record on its effects remains heterogeneous, with positive, null, and negative signals co-existing across age groups and clinical populations. We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis with an explicit audit trail, organizing 85 curated primary studies and reviews by study design, outcome class, and directness, while keeping direct, indirect, and review-level evidence in separate tiers to avoid cross-domain conflation. Across the corpus, the synthesis supports resistance training as a generally effective strategy for muscle strength and physical function in older adults, with effect sizes that are quantitatively meaningful even when they fall below the 0.1 m/s gait-speed threshold (Perera 2006), but the cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and bone endpoints remain too inconsistent across studies to support universal clinical claims. Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_2","claim":"Evidence-honesty note: 54/85 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_3","claim":"Resistance training is widely promoted across the lifespan for preserving muscle mass, strength, mobility, and metabolic health, yet the empirical record on its effects remains heterogeneous, with positive, null, and negative signals co-existing across age groups and clinical populations.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_4","claim":"We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis with an explicit audit trail, organizing 85 curated primary studies and reviews by study design, outcome class, and directness, while keeping direct, indirect, and review-level evidence in separate tiers to avoid cross-domain conflation.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_5","claim":"Across the corpus, the synthesis supports resistance training as a generally effective strategy for muscle strength and physical function in older adults, with effect sizes that are quantitatively meaningful even when they fall below the 0.1 m/s gait-speed threshold (Perera 2006), but the cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and bone endpoints remain too inconsistent across studies to support universal clinical claims.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_6","claim":"Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_7","claim":"This synthesis evaluates evidence on resistance training effects across 85 included source papers and 5556 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_8","claim":"The corpus contains 31 direct clinical sources, 53 adjacent, review, or context sources, and 1 mechanistic or model-system source. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_9","claim":"The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_10","claim":"This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_11","claim":"The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_12","claim":"Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_13","claim":"Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_14","claim":"The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_15","claim":"For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_16","claim":"The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_17","claim":"The background evidence for resistance training effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Lai 2025, Pan 2025, Biersteker 2026 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as Hosseini 2026, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.","citation_support":[{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"Lai 2025","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"direct","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology."},{"source_id":"source_6","study":"Effects of Multicomponent Otago Exercise Program with Added Resistance Training on Sarcopenia in Pre-Frailty Older Adults in Nursing Homes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.2147/CIA.S552924","url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S552924","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"Pan 2025","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"direct","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: The Otago Exercise Program (OEP) is suitable for frail older adults but has limited effect on sarcopenia. Resistance training (RT) is commonly used for sarcopenia. This study evaluated the effects of 12 weeks of OEP combined with RT on body composition, physical function, quality of life, and frailty in older adults with pre-sarcopenia in nursing homes. METHODS: Sixty-one pre-frail elderly (aged 65-89 years) with sarcopenia were randomly divided into experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). EG received OEP+RT training three times a week for 12 weeks, and CG maintained daily activities. The InBody 770 was used to assess body composition, Jamar Plus was used to measure grip strength, and international standard scales were used to assess physical function, quality of life and frailty. RESULTS: Compared to the CG, the EG showed significant improvements in Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI: 5.79 vs 5.43, p=0.037), Skeletal Muscle Mass (21.8 vs 19.5, p=0.017), hand grip strength (19.31 vs 16.92, p=0.029), gait speed (0.9 vs 0.81, p<0.001), and the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test (13 vs 14.35, p<0.001)."},{"source_id":"source_7","study":"Effect of a protein intervention during resistance training with varying training intensities on muscle outcomes in frail community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1016/j.jnha.2026.100838","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2026.100838","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"Biersteker 2026","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"direct","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Optimising nutritional and exercise strategies is essential to preserve muscle health and physical function in frail older adults. This study aims to investigate the effects of a protein intervention during progressive resistance training (PRT) with varying training intensities on muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance in frail community-dwelling older adults. We were particularly interested in whether these effects differed according to variations in habitual protein intake and resistance training intensity. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: This 12-week RCT randomized 295 frail community-dwelling older adults into PRT-only or PRT with a protein intervention (PRT-Pro). Frailty was defined by receipt of in-home care services or a Tilburg Frailty Indicator score ≥5. INTERVENTION: All participants performed under one-to-one supervision, twice-weekly full-body resistance training performed until muscle failure with varying training intensities (20-80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM))."},{"source_id":"source_41","study":"Preserving brain health in aging: structural and biochemical benefits of water based resistance training, a randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-026-07413-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-026-07413-x","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"Hosseini 2026","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"direct","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Brain aging leads to structural changes, especially atrophy, which can result in dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to explain the structural changes in brain aging. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week water-based resistance training (WBRT) program on brain structural integrity, mitochondrial-related growth factors, oxidative stress, and inflammation in older women. METHODS: A total of 24 older women (mean age:66) were randomly assigned to a WBRT group (n = 12) or a control (CON) group (n = 12). Participants in the WBRT group performed supervised resistance training in water three times per week for 12 weeks. Brain structural changes were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and blood samples were analyzed for Humanin (HN), Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21), Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) as well as oxidative and inflammation biomarkers."}],"candidate_sources":[]},{"claim_id":"claim_18","claim":"The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_19","claim":"Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the muscle function, contextual adjacent evidence and frailty outcome classes; null signals around the muscle function, contextual adjacent evidence, skeletal, fracture, and bone outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the muscle function and cardiometabolic outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_20","claim":"The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_21","claim":"The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_22","claim":"The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_23","claim":"Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_24","claim":"Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, frailty, immune and inflammation, muscle function, safety and comorbidity, skeletal, fracture, and bone); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_25","claim":"Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_26","claim":"| Evidence domain | Source | Direction | Directness | Tier | Evidence role | Finding |","citation_support":[],"candidate_sources":[{"study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers.","source_id":"source_1","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses.","source_id":"source_2","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6.","source_id":"source_3","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology.","source_id":"source_4","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"},{"study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance.","source_id":"source_5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_27","claim":"| Cardiometabolic | Arruda 2026: Risk Factors Associated with Systemic Arterial Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women Engaged in Resistance Training: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear | finding=representative statistic P = 0.03; source-level statistic reported |","citation_support":[{"source_id":"source_37","study":"Risk Factors Associated with Systemic Arterial Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women Engaged in Resistance Training: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study","doi":"10.3390/ijerph23030408","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23030408","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"Arruda 2026","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"indirect","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) shows a high prevalence among postmenopausal women and represents an important public health concern. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors associated with SAH in postmenopausal women participating in a resistance training program. METHODS: This observational, cross-sectional study included 55 postmenopausal women (66.0 ± 4.9 years) recruited from the \"More Active Women\" research project, an umbrella experimental and longitudinal study involving resistance training interventions. Cross-sectional data were collected during the baseline assessment (April-May 2025). Sociodemographic variables, nutritional status (body mass index and waist circumference), and behavioral and health-related variables obtained through structured interviews and anthropometric assessments were analyzed. Associations were tested using Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, with effect size estimated by Phi or Cramer's V when appropriate, and binary logistic regression was performed for adjusted analyses. RESULTS: Significant associations were observed between SAH and elevated BMI ( p = 0.03; φ = 0.30), waist circumference > 88 cm ( p = 0.006; φ = 0."}],"candidate_sources":[]},{"claim_id":"claim_28","claim":"| Cardiometabolic | Costa 2026: Effects of resistance training with/without Photobiomodulation on muscle and respiratory function in difficult-to-control asthma: a randomized trial | direction=unclear | directness=direct | A1 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear | finding=representative non-significant statistic P > 0.05; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded |","citation_support":[{"source_id":"source_31","study":"Effects of resistance training with/without Photobiomodulation on muscle and respiratory function in difficult-to-control asthma: a randomized trial","doi":"10.1007/s10103-026-04880-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-026-04880-x","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"Costa 2026","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"direct","excerpt":"Difficult-to-Control Asthma (DTCA) is characterized by persistent symptoms, frequent exacerbations, and reduced functional capacity despite optimized pharmacological therapy. Patients with DTCA commonly exhibit peripheral muscle dysfunction, making strategies that may potentiate the effects of resistance training clinically relevant. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been investigated as a modality capable of improving muscle performance and exercise tolerance. The aim of this study was to determine whether combining resistance training with LED-based PBMT (RT+LEDT) results in greater improvements in peripheral muscle strength and functional exercise capacity compared with resistance training alone in adults with DTCA. This randomized, triple-blind controlled trial included 30 adults with DTCA who met predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were allocated equally to an experimental group (RT+LEDT; n = 15) or a control group (RT; n = 15). Both groups completed supervised resistance training twice weekly for 12 weeks. The experimental group received active PBMT before each session, while the control group received placebo PBMT."}],"candidate_sources":[]},{"claim_id":"claim_29","claim":"| Cardiometabolic | Dardashtipour 2026: The effect of aerobic and resistance training in patients with type 2 diabetes on vitamin D (DIAVITEX): a study protocol | direction=null | directness=protocol | D1 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null | finding=18 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |","citation_support":[{"source_id":"source_66","study":"The effect of aerobic and resistance training in patients with type 2 diabetes on vitamin D (DIAVITEX): a study protocol","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1674293","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1674293","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"Dardashtipour 2026","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"protocol","excerpt":"INTRODUCTION: Aerobic and resistance training can effectively improve clinical management in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Low vitamin D (VitD) levels are associated with T2D risk and metabolic disturbances, and may help reduce this risk, particularly in individuals with low VitD levels. In this line, many individuals with T2D, who may also be older adults or have osteoporosis, regularly include VitD treatment in their healthcare routines. Although the impact of exercise has been extensively studied, its effect on diabetic patients taking VitD remains limited. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic and resistance training on clinical parameters in patients with T2D already taking VitD. METHODS: The DIAVITEX study is a randomized controlled superiority trial, with four parallel arms, including 80 individuals with T2D. Patients will be selected at the Primary Care Centers and stratified according to their pre-existing VitD treatment."}],"candidate_sources":[]},{"claim_id":"claim_30","claim":"| Cardiometabolic | MunozPardeza 2026: Effects of Diactive‐1–Supported Progressive Resistance Training on Body Composition in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear | finding=representative statistic P < 0.05; source-level statistic reported |","citation_support":[{"source_id":"source_50","study":"Effects of Diactive‐1–Supported Progressive Resistance Training on Body Composition in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.70257","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.70257","support_kind":"cited_as_match","cited_as":"MunozPardeza 2026","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"indirect","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Compared to their healthy peers, children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes are at an increased risk of adverse changes in body composition, including increased fat mass along with reductions in lean and bone mass. Although exercise has shown promise in improving body mass index in this population, the individual effects of resistance training on specific body composition parameters remain understudied. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training supported by the mHealth application Diactive-1 on body composition in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Sixty-two participants with type 1 diabetes (aged 8-18 years old; 48% females) participated in a 24-week randomised controlled trial and were assigned to either the usual care group (n = 32) or the exercise group (n = 30). The intervention was delivered via the Diactive-1 app, which generates progressive overload resistance training programmes tailored to real-time glycaemia and provides educational support. Body composition was assessed using anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, with fat, lean and bone measurements standardised by age, sex and ethnicity."}],"candidate_sources":[]}]}