{"publication_id":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","content_hash":"sha256:22a7f00d16dcec201a1ac0e1ddd7e4abc7ababe286fb21ae721aa2a8f7c6b1c3","nodes":[{"id":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","type":"publication","title":"Research Synthesis: Resistance Training Effects — full paper"},{"id":"claim_1","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-honesty note: 54/85 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims. Resistance training is widely promoted across the lifespan for preserving muscle mass, strength, mobility, and metabolic health, yet the empirical record on its effects remains heterogeneous, with positive, null, and negative signals co-existing across age groups and clinical populations. We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis with an explicit audit trail, organizing 85 curated primary studies and reviews by study design, outcome class, and directness, while keeping direct, indirect, and review-level evidence in separate tiers to avoid cross-domain conflation. Across the corpus, the synthesis supports resistance training as a generally effective strategy for muscle strength and physical function in older adults, with effect sizes that are quantitatively meaningful even when they fall below the 0.1 m/s gait-speed threshold (Perera 2006), but the cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and bone endpoints remain too inconsistent across studies to support universal clinical claims. Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence."},{"id":"claim_2","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-honesty note: 54/85 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims."},{"id":"claim_3","type":"claim","text":"Resistance training is widely promoted across the lifespan for preserving muscle mass, strength, mobility, and metabolic health, yet the empirical record on its effects remains heterogeneous, with positive, null, and negative signals co-existing across age groups and clinical populations."},{"id":"claim_4","type":"claim","text":"We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis with an explicit audit trail, organizing 85 curated primary studies and reviews by study design, outcome class, and directness, while keeping direct, indirect, and review-level evidence in separate tiers to avoid cross-domain conflation."},{"id":"claim_5","type":"claim","text":"Across the corpus, the synthesis supports resistance training as a generally effective strategy for muscle strength and physical function in older adults, with effect sizes that are quantitatively meaningful even when they fall below the 0.1 m/s gait-speed threshold (Perera 2006), but the cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and bone endpoints remain too inconsistent across studies to support universal clinical claims."},{"id":"claim_6","type":"claim","text":"Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence."},{"id":"claim_7","type":"claim","text":"This synthesis evaluates evidence on resistance training effects across 85 included source papers and 5556 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty."},{"id":"claim_8","type":"claim","text":"The corpus contains 31 direct clinical sources, 53 adjacent, review, or context sources, and 1 mechanistic or model-system source. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence."},{"id":"claim_9","type":"claim","text":"The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation."},{"id":"claim_10","type":"claim","text":"This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance."},{"id":"claim_11","type":"claim","text":"The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof."},{"id":"claim_12","type":"claim","text":"Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection."},{"id":"claim_13","type":"claim","text":"Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints."},{"id":"claim_14","type":"claim","text":"The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific."},{"id":"claim_15","type":"claim","text":"For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint."},{"id":"claim_16","type":"claim","text":"The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge."},{"id":"claim_17","type":"claim","text":"The background evidence for resistance training effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Lai 2025, Pan 2025, Biersteker 2026 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as Hosseini 2026, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation."},{"id":"claim_18","type":"claim","text":"The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect."},{"id":"claim_19","type":"claim","text":"Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the muscle function, contextual adjacent evidence and frailty outcome classes; null signals around the muscle function, contextual adjacent evidence, skeletal, fracture, and bone outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the muscle function and cardiometabolic outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation."},{"id":"claim_20","type":"claim","text":"The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty."},{"id":"claim_21","type":"claim","text":"The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support."},{"id":"claim_22","type":"claim","text":"The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text."},{"id":"claim_23","type":"claim","text":"Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification."},{"id":"claim_24","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, frailty, immune and inflammation, muscle function, safety and comorbidity, skeletal, fracture, and bone); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates."},{"id":"claim_25","type":"claim","text":"Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified."},{"id":"claim_26","type":"claim","text":"| Evidence domain | Source | Direction | Directness | Tier | Evidence role | Finding |"},{"id":"claim_27","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Arruda 2026: Risk Factors Associated with Systemic Arterial Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women Engaged in Resistance Training: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear | finding=representative statistic P = 0.03; source-level statistic reported |"},{"id":"claim_28","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Costa 2026: Effects of resistance training with/without Photobiomodulation on muscle and respiratory function in difficult-to-control asthma: a randomized trial | direction=unclear | directness=direct | A1 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear | finding=representative non-significant statistic P > 0.05; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded |"},{"id":"claim_29","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Dardashtipour 2026: The effect of aerobic and resistance training in patients with type 2 diabetes on vitamin D (DIAVITEX): a study protocol | direction=null | directness=protocol | D1 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null | finding=18 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"claim_30","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | MunozPardeza 2026: Effects of Diactive‐1–Supported Progressive Resistance Training on Body Composition in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear | finding=representative statistic P < 0.05; source-level statistic reported |"},{"id":"source_1","type":"source","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Khalafi 2026","excerpt":"This systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses aimed to evalute the effects of different modes of exercise on improving inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A comprehensive search was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase from inception to February 2025. Randomized trials investigating the effects of different exercise modes on interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), or C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with CKD were included. A total of 37 randomized trials, including 1,930 participants were included. All exercise modes reduced IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and increased IL-10 significantly more than control (CON). As compared with the CON, resistance training resulted in larger reductions in IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP, and larger increases in IL-10. Aerobic training led to larger reductions in IL-6 and TNF-α, but no significant effects were observed on IL-10 and CRP. Combined training did not significantly affect any inflammatory markers."},{"id":"source_2","type":"source","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Flensted-Jensen 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with declines in skeletal muscle function, mitochondrial capacity, and changes in redox balance, which collectively contribute to frailty and chronic disease risk. This study investigated the effects of a 12-week resistance training (RT) program combined with a small dose of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), with or without polyphenol supplementation, on mitochondrial respiratory capacity (MRC) and oxidative stress in middle-aged and older adults (55-70 years). Forty-one participants were randomized to receive either a polyphenol supplement or a placebo for 30 days before the training intervention. Following the training intervention, aerobic capacity, lean mass, and strength improved significantly in both groups. Training also increased MRC in the placebo group but not in the polyphenol group, which displayed higher MRC following the supplementation phase, possibly reflecting either a supplement effect or baseline variation. The training resulted in a 20 % decrease in skeletal muscle H 2 O 2 emission across both groups, suggesting enhanced mitochondrial efficiency or antioxidant defenses."},{"id":"source_3","type":"source","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Chen 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate the effect of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults through a three-level Meta-analysis. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) related to the effects of exercise on the executive function of cognitively healthy older adults were retrieved from eight databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP, with a search period from the establishment of the databases to February 27, 2025. The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro scale and the evidence quality was evaluated using GRADE. Meta-analysis was performed using a three-level random effects model in R, and publication bias was tested. Hedges’ g value and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for assessment, and a 95% prediction interval (PI) was calculated to determine the expected range of effect sizes in future similar studies. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS: A total of 50 RCTs were included, involving 4,826 cognitively healthy older adults. The PEDro scale scores ranged from 5 to 8, with an average of 6."},{"id":"source_4","type":"source","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: As the population ageing, the problem of increased incidence of falls and higher healthcare expenditure in the elderly will be further accentuating. Intrinsic foot muscles play an important role in postural control and its function is significantly associated with the risk of falls. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of intrinsic foot muscle training on postural control in older adults. METHODS: A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted on 123 older participants. They were randomly divided into four groups, including short-foot combined the lower extremity resistance training group (SF-RT group), towel-curl training combined the lower extremity resistance training group (TC-RT group), lower extremity resistance training group (RT group) and control group. Three intervention groups performed resistance training and/or additional foot muscle training three times a week for 8weeks. The Sensory Organization, Limit of Stability, Motor Control tests were used to determine postural stability. The ergoFet dynamometer and colour Doppler ultrasound system were used to determine the foot muscle strength and morphology."},{"id":"source_5","type":"source","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance training is widely recommended for managing sarcopenia, but evidence on optimal prescriptions remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of different resistance training prescriptions on strength, function, and muscle mass in older adults with sarcopenia. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and CENTRAL to June 2025. Eligible studies were RCTs in adults aged ≥ 60 with sarcopenia, comparing resistance training with usual care or no intervention, and reporting outcomes on strength, physical function, or muscle mass. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Meta-analyses were conducted using the meta package in R, and Bayesian dose-response models were fitted using the brms package. RESULTS: Twenty-four randomized controlled trials involving 951 participants were included. Random-effects model showed that resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength, gait speed, knee extension strength, timed up and go test (TUG) and and five-times sit-to-stand test (5STS) performance."},{"id":"source_6","type":"source","study":"Effects of Multicomponent Otago Exercise Program with Added Resistance Training on Sarcopenia in Pre-Frailty Older Adults in Nursing Homes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.2147/CIA.S552924","url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S552924","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Pan 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: The Otago Exercise Program (OEP) is suitable for frail older adults but has limited effect on sarcopenia. Resistance training (RT) is commonly used for sarcopenia. This study evaluated the effects of 12 weeks of OEP combined with RT on body composition, physical function, quality of life, and frailty in older adults with pre-sarcopenia in nursing homes. METHODS: Sixty-one pre-frail elderly (aged 65-89 years) with sarcopenia were randomly divided into experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). EG received OEP+RT training three times a week for 12 weeks, and CG maintained daily activities. The InBody 770 was used to assess body composition, Jamar Plus was used to measure grip strength, and international standard scales were used to assess physical function, quality of life and frailty. RESULTS: Compared to the CG, the EG showed significant improvements in Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI: 5.79 vs 5.43, p=0.037), Skeletal Muscle Mass (21.8 vs 19.5, p=0.017), hand grip strength (19.31 vs 16.92, p=0.029), gait speed (0.9 vs 0.81, p<0.001), and the Five-Times-Sit-to-Stand Test (13 vs 14.35, p<0.001)."},{"id":"source_7","type":"source","study":"Effect of a protein intervention during resistance training with varying training intensities on muscle outcomes in frail community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1016/j.jnha.2026.100838","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2026.100838","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Biersteker 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Optimising nutritional and exercise strategies is essential to preserve muscle health and physical function in frail older adults. This study aims to investigate the effects of a protein intervention during progressive resistance training (PRT) with varying training intensities on muscle strength, muscle mass, and physical performance in frail community-dwelling older adults. We were particularly interested in whether these effects differed according to variations in habitual protein intake and resistance training intensity. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: This 12-week RCT randomized 295 frail community-dwelling older adults into PRT-only or PRT with a protein intervention (PRT-Pro). Frailty was defined by receipt of in-home care services or a Tilburg Frailty Indicator score ≥5. INTERVENTION: All participants performed under one-to-one supervision, twice-weekly full-body resistance training performed until muscle failure with varying training intensities (20-80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM))."},{"id":"source_8","type":"source","study":"Dose-response effects of resistance training in sarcopenic older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06559-4","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06559-4","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Ran 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Currently, resistance training (RT) programs for sarcopenic older adults are numerous they remain controversial, and there is a lack of standardized programs specifically tailored for this population. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate the dose-response effects between RT on grip strength, skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), and short physical performance battery (SPPB) in sarcopenic older adults, to identify key training parameters in RT. METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted in databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and WANFANG for randomized controlled trials published up to March 2025. Studies were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria outlined in this study, resulting in 12 studies. The Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used to assess the quality of evidence, while Cochrane's Risk of Bias Tool evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies. Meta-analysis of baseline data and outcomes was performed using Review Manager version 5.3.4 and R version 3.5 software."},{"id":"source_9","type":"source","study":"Effects of vitamins C and E supplementation combined with 12-week resistance training in older women with sarcopenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000043976","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000043976","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Liu 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Resistance training (RT) is a fundamental sarcopenia treatment, but its efficacy may be enhanced by nutritional strategies. This study investigated whether combining RT with vitamins C and E supplementation yields additive benefits in sarcopenia patients. METHODS: Sixty older women with sarcopenia (60-75 years) were randomized to an antioxidant supplementation group (AS; 1000 mg/d vitamin C and 335 mg/d vitamin E) or a placebo group (PLA) following the same elastic-band RT program. Muscle mass, muscle strength, physical performance, oxidative stress-related indices (reduced glutathione [GSH] and oxidized glutathione [GSSG], GSH/GSSG ratio, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl), and pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) were evaluated at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. RESULTS: After 12 weeks, muscle mass, strength, and physical performance significantly increased (P < .05) in both the AS and PLA groups. However, the AS group had higher increases in arm lean mass (Δ = 0.96 vs 0.59 kg; P = .003, d = 0.74), skeletal muscle mass index (Δ = 0.71 vs 0.42 kg/m²; P = .004, d = 0.71), handgrip strength (Δ = 3.66 vs 1."},{"id":"source_10","type":"source","study":"Effects of an 8-week liquid protein supplementation on resistance training adaptations in untrained healthy college students","year":2026,"doi":"10.7717/peerj.20778","url":"https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.20778","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Liu 2026a","excerpt":"This study investigates the effects of 8 weeks of liquid protein supplementation on resistance-training adaptations in healthy, untrained college students. Thirty untrained male participants were randomized into two groups: a protein supplement (resistance training exercise (RTE) + protein) and a control (RTE). Both groups underwent resistance training exercises (RTE) three times per week for 8 weeks. The RTE + protein consumed a protein liquid supplement post-exercise, while the RTE consumed water. The results showed a higher degree of change in chest circumference (mean difference = 6.10 cm vs 3.36 cm), maximal bench press strength (mean difference = 16.00 kg vs 8.93 kg, P = 0.007) and maximal squat strength (mean difference = 42.33 kg and 27.32 kg, P = 0.018) in the RTE + protein group compared to the RTE group. Both groups demonstrated increases in thigh circumference, muscle mass, and maximal bench press and deep squat repetitions, but no significant differences were observed between the two groups. These findings suggest that post-exercise protein liquid supplementation can enhance the benefits of RTE on muscle strength and body circumference in young untrained adults."},{"id":"source_11","type":"source","study":"Effects of Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng Saponins Extract on the Pharmacokinetics of Whey Protein Absorption, Intestinal Permeability, and Muscle Function: A Pilot Study","year":2026,"doi":"10.3390/nu18030504","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18030504","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhuang 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Whether saponins aid in whey protein supplementation remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of Astragalus and Panax saponins (APS) on whey protein absorption, intestinal permeability, and muscle function in healthy adults across different age groups. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial was conducted with 30 healthy participants equally stratified into three age groups (18-25, 26-59, and 60-80 years), over two phases: a single-dose trial to measure immediate amino acid absorption from whey protein and a 4-week phase combining daily supplementation with resistance training to assess long-term effects on amino acid absorption kinetics, muscle function, and gut health. RESULTS: Immediate APS supplementation resulted in a 6.67% higher area under the curve for valine, 3.62% for leucine, and 0.15% for isoleucine, compared with the placebo. After 4 weeks, APS supplementation significantly increased the absorption of valine (14.07%) and leucine (8.34%) and improved the absorption of isoleucine (6.33%). The effects were most pronounced in older adults (60-80 years), who showed a 12."},{"id":"source_12","type":"source","study":"Influence of Resistance Training Variables to Improve Muscle Mass Outcomes in Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review With Meta‐Regressions","year":2025,"doi":"10.1002/jcsm.70162","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.70162","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Delaire 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Resistance training (RT) is the first-line treatment to improve sarcopenia features. However, increasing muscle mass with RT remains challenging and displays inconsistent results. Manipulating training variables may present a novel approach to improve muscle mass gain in sarcopenic individuals. The present study aimed to measure the effectiveness of RT alone on muscle mass outcomes in older adults with sarcopenia and determine the influence of RT variables on muscle mass improvement. METHOD: We conducted a systematic review according to PRISMA standards to gather studies that conducted a supervised RT without nutritional intervention in sarcopenia-diagnosed older adults with a muscle mass outcome versus a control group. A search strategy was performed on PubMed, Medline, Cochrane and Google Scholar in the last 14 years, from the publication of the first agreement on the diagnosis (EWGSOP, 2010)."},{"id":"source_13","type":"source","study":"Effects of metastable resistance training with strength and balance requirements compared to traditional resistance and balance training on cognitive performance in older adults: a randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06438-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06438-y","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Claussen 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: While aerobic, resistance, and balance training are commonly used to counteract age-related declines in cognitive and physical functions, evidence for cognitive benefits of metabolic training (i.e., aerobic, resistance) remains inconsistent. In contrast, motor training (i.e., balance, coordination) involving higher task complexity may enhance cognition by engaging brain regions associated with cognitive control processes. Resistance training on unstable devices, also referred to as metastable resistance training (MRT), has been reported to increase metabolic, coordinative, and cognitive demands during exercise, as well as to improve cognitive performance in older adults. This study examined the effect of MRT on cognitive performance compared to traditionally recommended resistance training (T-RT) and balance training (BT). We hypothesized that MRT specifically improves cognitive task performance requiring perceptual processing and attention. METHODS: Eighty-three healthy older adults (mean age 70.5 ± 4.5 years) were matched into three groups which were randomly assigned to either MRT, BT or T-RT programs. Each group trained twice a week for 10 weeks."},{"id":"source_14","type":"source","study":"Astragalus membranaceus Modulates Inflammatory Markers Without Enhancing Muscle Function Following Intensified Resistance Training","year":2026,"doi":"10.3390/nu18101598","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18101598","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Villanova 2026","excerpt":"Background: Astragali radix is a traditional herb known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties and has gained attention for its potential to support post-exercise recovery. However, the effects of long-term supplementation coupled with resistance training are not well understood. Methods: Twenty-four moderately active participants were recruited and randomly assigned to the Astragali radix supplementation (ASTRA, n = 13) or placebo (PLA, n = 11) group. All participants underwent 8 weeks of regular resistance training (3 sessions/week) and 2 weeks of intensified training (6 sessions/week). Results: Before (BAS), after 8 weeks of resistance training (RT), and at the end of the intensified training (IT), knee extensors' maximal voluntary isometric contraction torque (MVIT), and leg press and leg extension one repetition max (1RM) were measured. Blood samples were collected to analyze inflammatory markers and testosterone. From BAS to after RT, MVIT, 1RM leg press, and 1RM leg extension increased in both ASTRA and PLA, with no differences between groups. After IT, MVIT, 1RM leg press and 1RM leg extension decreased in both ASTRA and PLA."},{"id":"source_15","type":"source","study":"High-speed resistance training vs. low-speed resistance training on body composition and physical function in adults with sarcopenic obesity","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s11556-026-00405-1","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-026-00405-1","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Hsu 2026a","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is associated with the highest risk of physical disability. While meta-analyses support resistance training to improve strength and function in this population, the optimal training modality remains unclear. This study compared the effects of high-speed (HSRT) and low-speed resistance training (LSRT) on body composition, hormonal responses, and physical function in adults with SO. METHODS: Seventy-three adults aged > 50 years with sarcopenia and obesity were randomly assigned to the control (n = 26), LSRT (n = 24), or HSRT (n = 23) group. Both LSRT and HSRT groups performed progressive resistance training twice weekly for 16 weeks at 70% 1-RM, differing only in concentric contraction speed. The control group maintained their usual lifestyle throughout the study period. All participants underwent assessments of body composition (by dual-energy X-ray absorption), salivary hormone levels (testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and cortisol), and physical function at baseline and after 16 weeks. Physical function was also assessed at mid-term (week 8)."},{"id":"source_16","type":"source","study":"Acute systemic and energy metabolism responses to velocity‐based resistance training following an oral glucose load in individuals with excess body weight","year":2025,"doi":"10.1113/EP093162","url":"https://doi.org/10.1113/EP093162","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"CarrilloArango 2025","excerpt":"We investigated the acute metabolic effects of two velocity-based resistance training (RT) protocols, differing in intra-set velocity loss (VL) thresholds, on postprandial substrate oxidation and glycaemic responses following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in individuals with excess body weight. A single-group, randomized, cross-over design was used, in which each participant completed three experimental conditions in random order: (1) control (rest); (2) RT with 20% velocity loss (VL20); and (3) RT with 40% velocity loss (VL40). Twenty-four participants (50% female; median body mass index 30.2 kg m -2 , interquartile range 27.9-34.1 kg m -2 ) were included in the final analysis. Each RT session consisted of bilateral leg-press exercises at 55%-65% of one-repetition maximum performed in four sets with 3 min rest intervals, while monitoring repetition velocity. Baseline measurements were performed in the fasted state (1012 h) with participants in the supine position for 30 min, after the oral glucose load at 60 min, and during the experimental conditions at 120, 180, and 240 min."},{"id":"source_17","type":"source","study":"Effects of a 4‐Week Multi‐Exercise Isometric Resistance Training Programme on Resting and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Normotensive Adults","year":2026,"doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70202","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70202","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Wright 2026","excerpt":"Isometric resistance training (IRT) can reduce resting and ambulatory blood pressure (AmBP) yet established exercise methods lack versatility and may present with participation barriers. An isometric training band (ITB) has been identified as an alternative modality; however, its long-term effects on resting and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) remains unknown. This study assessed the effects of the ITB on resting BP and AmBP following 4 weeks of IRT. Forty-two normotensive adults (22 male, 20 female; mean ± SD, age 31 ± 14 years, systolic [sBP], 120 ± 5 mmHg, diastolic [dBP], 72 ± 7 mmHg), were randomised to a control (CON), isometric handgrip (IHG) or ITB group. Resting (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial BP and heart rate [HR]) and AmBP (24-h, daytime and night-time) were measured pre- and post-4 weeks of supervised IRT (4 x 2-min contractions at 30% MVC [IHG] or 4 x 2-min contractions at CR-10 values equivalent to 30% MVC [ITB]). Resting sBP was reduced for IHG (-4.6 mmHg, p < 0.05) and ITB (-4.5 mmHg, p < 0.05) following 4 weeks of IRT, alongside significant within-group differences in night-time sBP for both training groups (ITB -4 mmHg, IHG, -4.7 mmHg)."},{"id":"source_18","type":"source","study":"The impact of respiratory training on diaphragmatic function in elderly COPD patients with sarcopenia","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12890-025-04035-8","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-025-04035-8","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Guo 2025a","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) combined with sarcopenia is a common chronic disease combination in elderly patients, significantly affecting diaphragmatic function, pulmonary function, quality of life, and exercise capacity. This study aims to evaluate the effects of respiratory training on diaphragmatic function and multidimensional health indicators in elderly COPD patients with sarcopenia. METHODS: This single-center, randomized controlled, prospective study included 80 elderly COPD patients with sarcopenia, who were randomly assigned to the respiratory training group (40 patients) and the conventional treatment group (40 patients) in a 1:1 ratio. The respiratory training group underwent 12 weeks of diaphragmatic breathing training and expiratory resistance training, while the conventional treatment group received standard COPD care only. The primary outcomes included diaphragmatic function (diaphragmatic excursion and diaphragmatic thickness change rate), pulmonary function (FEV1, FEV1/FVC), quality of life (SGRQ total score), exercise capacity (6MWT), and clinical scores (mMRC, BODE index)."},{"id":"source_19","type":"source","study":"High intensity functional training versus traditional resistance training effects on inflammatory, metabolic, and physical outcomes in overweight men a randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-40482-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-40482-x","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Moshkenani 2026","excerpt":"Overweight and obesity are major global health concerns linked to chronic diseases. This study compared the effects of high-intensity functional training (HIFT) and resistance training (RT) on metabolic, inflammatory, and physical markers in overweight men. Thirty-four overweight men (31.91 ± 2.44 years, BMI 27.78 ± 1.47 kg/m 2 ) were assigned to the HIFT (n = 13), RT (n = 10), and control (n = 11) groups. The HIFT included four sets of 30-second exercises at 30% 1RM, whereas the RT involved three sets of 12 repetitions at 70% 1RM. Both interventions were performed thrice weekly for eight weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after training to assess the levels of inflammatory markers (IL-4, γ-IFN, MMP-9 and TLR4) and metabolic markers (FBS, LDL, HDL, triglycerides and cholesterol). Body composition and performance were evaluated. No significant differences in inflammatory markers were detected between the groups. HIFT and RT significantly reduced fasting blood sugar (p < 0.05). RT lowered total cholesterol, whereas triglycerides decreased in both groups. Skeletal muscle mass increased significantly."},{"id":"source_20","type":"source","study":"Effects of dynamic resistance training on blood pressure across different baseline levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2026.1843543","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2026.1843543","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Luo 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of dynamic resistance training (DRT) on populations with varying baseline blood pressure (BP) levels, compare the commonalities and differences across subgroups, and explore potential sources of heterogeneity. METHODS: A systematic literature search of databases including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted from inception to January 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating DRT as the intervention and resting BP as the outcome were included. A random-effects model was employed to calculate the pooled mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Subgroup analyses were performed based on baseline BP classifications and antihypertensive medication status, while meta-regression was used to assess the moderating effect of age. The Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) tool was used to assess the risk of bias, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: Eighteen studies were ultimately included in this meta-analysis."},{"id":"source_21","type":"source","study":"Weighted Vest Use or Resistance Exercise to Offset Weight Loss–Associated Bone Loss in Older Adults","year":2025,"doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.16772","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.16772","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Beavers 2025","excerpt":"IMPORTANCE: Weight loss (WL) in older adults is associated with bone loss, increasing the risk of fracture. Because skeletal tissue is responsive to mechanical stress, replacing lost weight externally may be an innovative way to minimize WL-associated bone loss in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of 12 months of weighted vest use during WL on indicators of bone health compared with WL alone and WL plus resistance training (RT). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This single-blind, 12-month randomized clinical trial of older adults living with obesity was conducted at an academic medical center from September 1, 2019, to April 30, 2024. INTERVENTIONS: WL (caloric restriction targeting 10% WL with adequate calcium, vitamin D, and protein), WL plus weighted vest (WL+VEST; 8 h/d, weight replacement titrated up to 10% total WL), or WL plus progressive RT (WL+RT; supervised 3 sessions weekly). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Main outcomes included 12-month change in computed tomography-acquired trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry-acquired areal bone mineral density (aBMD) of the total hip."},{"id":"source_22","type":"source","study":"36-Week personalized resistance training improves muscle function and circulating myokines in older women with possible sarcopenic obesity: a randomized clinical trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06355-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06355-0","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Guo 2025b","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: This study aims to explore the effects of personalized resistance training on muscle function and serum myokines in possible sarcopenic obese older women. METHODS: 25 possible SO older women were randomly divided into exercise group (n = 13) and control group (n = 12). According to the FITT-VP principle, personalized resistance training programs were developed based on their individual health differences. The training was implemented in three stages with gradually increasing intensity from low to moderate. Each session lasted 40 min, 3 times a week, for a total of 36 weeks. Body composition, muscle function, and serum myokines (irisin, IGF-1, and myostatin) were tested before and after the intervention in both groups. RESULTS: The intervention yielded significant between-group improvements in body fat percentage (P < 0.05, Hedges' g = 1.42), ASMI (P < 0.01, Hedges' g = 1.79), HGS (P < 0.01, Hedges' g = 1.91), 6-metre walk speed (P < 0.01, Hedges' g = 1.36), five times sit-to-stand performance (P < 0.05, Hedges' g = 1.08), and TUG (P < 0.01, Hedges' g = 1.20). After 36 weeks, the exercise group also showed higher IGF-1 (P < 0.05, Hedges' g = 1.46) and lower MSTN (P < 0."},{"id":"source_23","type":"source","study":"Effects of different lifting strategies during resistance training on lower body function in untrained adult women: a comparison between 6-weeks of 10% velocity loss and standard resistance training","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1705675","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1705675","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Sasek 2026","excerpt":"INTRODUCTION: This study investigated whether velocity-based resistance training provides additional benefits to lower limb performance compared to standard exercise execution. METHODS: Twenty untrained adult women (37-55 years) were randomly assigned to two resistance training groups to perform resistance training with three sets of four lower body exercises per week for 6 weeks. The number of repetitions and lifting velocity differed between the groups. One group performed lower body exercises with maximal intent and a 10% velocity loss threshold termination (VB10%; n = 10), while the other group performed 10 repetitions at a standard 1:2 s concentric:eccentric tempo (STD; n = 10). The number of repetitions was recorded during the sessions. Before and after the intervention, power, muscular endurance and dynamic stability of the lower limbs were assessed using the mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and power (MPP) at 70% one-repetition maximum in the squat and deadlift, the Y-balance test (YBT) and the 30-second sit-to-stand test (STS), respectively. A two-way analysis of variance was used to assess the effects of time, group, and their interaction."},{"id":"source_24","type":"source","study":"Effects of Low-Speed and High-Speed Resistance Training Programs on Frailty Status, Physical Performance, Cognitive Function, and Blood Pressure in Prefrail and Frail Older Adults","year":2021,"doi":"10.3389/fmed.2021.702436","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.702436","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Coelho-Junior 2021","excerpt":"Aim: The current study investigated the effects of low-speed resistance training (LSRT) and high-speed resistance training (HSRT) on frailty status, physical performance, cognitive function and blood pressure in pre-frail and frail older people. Material and Methods: Sixty older adults, 32 prefrail and 28 frail, were randomly allocated into LSRT, HSRT, and control group (CG). Before and after intervention periods frailty status, blood pressure, heart rate, and a set of physical performance capabilities and cognitive domains were assessed. Exercise interventions occurred over 16 weeks and included four resistance exercises with 4-8 sets of 4-10 repetitions at moderate intensity. Results: The prevalence of frailty criteria in prefrail and frail older adults were reduced after both LSRT and HSRT. In prefrail, LSRT significantly improved lower-limb muscle strength, while mobility was only improved after HSRT. Muscle power and dual-task performance were significantly increased in both LSRT and HSRT. In frail, LSRT and HSRT similarly improved lower-limb muscle strength and power. However, exclusive improvements in dual-task were observed after LSRT."},{"id":"source_25","type":"source","study":"Acute Creatine Ingestion Before Resistance Training Enhances Strength Performance More than Ingestion During or After Training: A Randomized Crossover Pilot Trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3390/nu18111789","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111789","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Maaoui 2026","excerpt":"Background/Objectives : Although creatine (Cr) supplementation is well established for enhancing strength exercise adaptations, limited evidence exists regarding whether the timing of a single Cr dose relative to exercise acutely influences performance and related physiological and perceptual responses. This study examined whether the timing of a single dose of Cr ingestion relative to a strength exercise session influences acute strength and power performance, cognitive function, perceptual responses, and selected blood biomarkers in physically active men. Methods : In a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover design, 11 physically active men (26.09 ± 4.39 years) completed five experimental conditions: Cr ingested before exercise (CrB), during exercise (CrD), and after exercise (CrF), placebo (PL), and a no-supplement control. Participants ingested 0.1 g·kg -1 body mass of monohydrate Cr or placebo. Each condition included a standardized strength training session, where bench press (BP) and back squat (BSQ) performance was assessed as the total external load lifted (kg) across six sets performed at 80% of 1-RM for each exercise."},{"id":"source_26","type":"source","study":"Perceived Exertion, Neuromuscular Activation, and Training Volume in Older Adults: Validating RPE-1 in Moderate-Velocity Elastic Band Resistance Training","year":2026,"doi":"10.26603/001c.147897","url":"https://doi.org/10.26603/001c.147897","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Colado 2026","excerpt":"Accurately monitoring training intensity is essential in older adults to optimize adaptations and reduce injury risk. While the OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale for elastic bands (OMNI-RES EB) has been validated post-exercise, applying it from the first repetition (RPE-1) may provide a quick, non-invasive method to individualize training without maximal testing-improving prescription accuracy, limiting fatigue, and supporting autoregulation in vulnerable populations. The purpose of this study was to validate RPE-1 during moderate-velocity elastic resistance training in physically active older adults with prior experience using elastic-band exercise, by analyzing its predictive validity, reliability, and neuromuscular and cardiovascular responses across effort levels. # Study type Quasi-experimental cohort study. # Methods A convenience sample of twelve healthy older adults (≥60 years) with >3 months of experience in elastic band resistance training performed standing military press sets to failure with an elastic band at four target RPE-1 levels (2-8 out of 10). The band color was chosen based on the participant's RPE-1 on the first repetition."},{"id":"source_27","type":"source","study":"Resistance training and subcortical vascular cognitive impairment: A 12‐month randomized trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1002/alz.71245","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.71245","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"LiuAmbrose 2026","excerpt":"INTRODUCTION: It is unknown whether progressive resistance training (PRT) improves cognitive function in adults with cerebral small vessel disease and mild cognitive impairment (i.e., subcortical vascular cognitive impairment [SVCI]). METHODS: We conducted a 12-month randomized trial comparing PRT versus balance and tone exercises (BAT) on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale Cognitive Plus (ADAS-Cog-Plus). RESULTS: Ninety-one participants were randomized (PRT = 45; BAT = 46); 76 completed the trial. Adherence was not different between groups (p = 0.18). At 12 months, PRT significantly improved ADAS-Cog-Plus scores (estimated mean difference: -0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI: -0.35, -0.01]; p = 0.04). Planned contrasts stratified by sex showed a significant PRT effect on ADAS-Cog-Plus scores for females (mean difference: -0.27; 95% CI: [-0.49, -0.05]; p = 0.02), but not for males. PRT also significantly reduced C-reactive protein (estimated mean difference: -2.93; 95% CI: [-5.36, -0.49]; p = 0.02). No significant differences were observed for other secondary outcomes. DISCUSSION: PRT may have a small beneficial effect on cognitive function in SVCI."},{"id":"source_28","type":"source","study":"The impact of nutritional intervention and resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy older adults—a comparative analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1640858","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1640858","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Ma 2025","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: A growing body of evidence confirms that nutritional supplementation strategies combined with resistance training can enhance muscle strength and mass in older adults. However, the optimal supplementation approach remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different nutritional interventions combined with resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy older adults and determine the optimal strategy. METHODS: A systematic search was performed across three major biomedical databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and EMbase) to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of nutritional supplementation combined with resistance training on muscle strength and mass in healthy older adults. A total of 19 eligible RCTs were included. The search covered literature from database inception to April 2025. Two researchers independently screened studies against predefined eligibility criteria and assessed methodological quality using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. Stata 18.0 was used to conduct network meta-analysis."},{"id":"source_29","type":"source","study":"Intermittent Fasting May Enhance Resistance Training Effects on the Body Composition of Obese Males, Without Affecting Muscular Strength and Anabolic Index","year":2026,"doi":"10.1155/jobe/6409069","url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jobe/6409069","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Khoshkebijari 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) during resistance training (RT) on body composition, muscular strength, and the testosterone:cortisol ratio in obese males. METHODS: Twenty obese males (aged 20-30, BMI 30-36 kg/m 2 ) were selected from eligible volunteers and randomly assigned to control (regular diet) and IF (4:3 IF) groups. All subjects participated in RT 3 days/week for 8 weeks. Forty-eight hours before and after the protocol, blood sampling and anthropometric measurements were done in a fasting state, and data were analyzed at a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: The IF/RT group lost twofold more weight and fat, had higher arm and chest measurements, and had less waist circumference than the C/RT group. The testosterone levels and muscle strength improved with RT, and there was no difference between the C/RT and IF/RT groups. CONCLUSION: It appears that intermittent fasting may enhance the efficacy of RT in obese males and is unlikely to have any detrimental effects on muscular strength or the anabolic index. Trial Registration: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT): IRCT20190213042702N4."},{"id":"source_30","type":"source","study":"Combined resistance training and amino acid-based supplementation for sarcopenia in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12891-025-09436-8","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-025-09436-8","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Xie 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Resistance training is the cornerstone of sarcopenia management. However, whether combining it with amino acid-based supplementation, including essential amino acids, branched-chain amino acids, leucine, and derivatives such as HMB, provides additional benefits remains unclear. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials until February 2025. Meta- and subgroup analyses were performed using a random-effects model. The Cochrane ROB2 tool and GRADE framework were used to assess the risk of bias and evidence certainty. RESULTS: We included nine randomized controlled trials involving 496 participants with sarcopenia. Evidence rated as low to very low certainty indicated that, compared with resistance training alone, combined amino acid supplementation and resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength (SMD = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.04 to 1.35), gait speed (SMD = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.02 to 1.25), Short Physical Performance Battery scores (SMD = 1.69, 95% CI: 0.81 to 2.57), and Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test performance (SMD = -1.42, 95% CI: -2.68 to -0.16)."},{"id":"source_31","type":"source","study":"Effects of resistance training with/without Photobiomodulation on muscle and respiratory function in difficult-to-control asthma: a randomized trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1007/s10103-026-04880-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-026-04880-x","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Costa 2026","excerpt":"Difficult-to-Control Asthma (DTCA) is characterized by persistent symptoms, frequent exacerbations, and reduced functional capacity despite optimized pharmacological therapy. Patients with DTCA commonly exhibit peripheral muscle dysfunction, making strategies that may potentiate the effects of resistance training clinically relevant. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been investigated as a modality capable of improving muscle performance and exercise tolerance. The aim of this study was to determine whether combining resistance training with LED-based PBMT (RT+LEDT) results in greater improvements in peripheral muscle strength and functional exercise capacity compared with resistance training alone in adults with DTCA. This randomized, triple-blind controlled trial included 30 adults with DTCA who met predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were allocated equally to an experimental group (RT+LEDT; n = 15) or a control group (RT; n = 15). Both groups completed supervised resistance training twice weekly for 12 weeks. The experimental group received active PBMT before each session, while the control group received placebo PBMT."},{"id":"source_32","type":"source","study":"Pre‐Operative Resistance Training and Amino Acid Supplementation in Frail Patients With Gastrointestinal Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1111/ggi.70226","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.70226","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Fujimoto 2025","excerpt":"AIM: To investigate the impact of preoperative exercise and nutritional interventions on postoperative complications, physical function, and activities of daily living (ADL) 1 year postoperatively in frail older patients with gastrointestinal cancer. METHODS: This single-center, randomized controlled trial enrolled 62 patients aged ≥ 70 years scheduled to undergo elective surgery for gastrointestinal cancer with decreased grip strength or walking speed between October 2017 and December 2022. Participants were randomly assigned to control (n = 33) and intervention (n = 29) groups; the latter performed resistance exercises and consumed amino acid-containing jelly daily at home for 14 days. All participants were followed-up for 1 year. RESULTS: After exclusion, 27 and 18 patients were enrolled in the control and intervention groups, respectively. The average age was 80.4 years, and 37.8% were male. Postoperative complications were observed in 51.9% and 44.4% of the control and intervention groups, respectively (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.62-2.19), with postoperative delirium observed in 25.9% and 33.3%, respectively (95% CI 0.31-1.94)."},{"id":"source_33","type":"source","study":"The Acute Effect of Increasing Resistance Training Workload Volume on Muscle Damage Markers and Performance in Heavy Resistance-Trained Youth Athletes","year":2026,"doi":"10.3390/sports14040142","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sports14040142","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Bartlett 2026","excerpt":"Despite the widespread use of periodized resistance training by athletes, the acute physiological and performance responses when athletes transition between mesocycles with differing workload volumes remain poorly understood. This study examined the acute effect of increasing resistance training workload volume on muscle damage markers and field-specific performance in heavy resistance-trained youth athletes. Eighteen male, rugby league players (age 17.4 ± 0.8 years; body mass 80.2 ± 13.7 kg; height 1.8 ± 0.1 m) completed a four-week mesocycle to develop maximal strength (70-100% of one repetition maximum [1RM]). Muscle damage (i.e., delayed onset muscle soreness [DOMS] and creatine kinase [CK]) and performance measures (i.e., drop jump, plyometric push-up, 40 m sprint and repeated agility) were assessed prior to and at 24 h (T24) and 48 h (T48) following the last session of the strength mesocycle (Week 5). A hypertrophy session (35-70% of 1RM) was then included in Week 6 with data collected prior to and at T24 and T48. Compared with the strength (Week 5) modality, the hypertrophy (Week 6) modality resulted in greater DOMS (41.6 ± 22.7%; effect size [ES] = 0.97-1."},{"id":"source_34","type":"source","study":"Optimal dose of resistance training to improve handgrip strength in older adults with sarcopenia: a systematic review and Bayesian model-based network meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1564988","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1564988","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Hua-Rui 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is prevalent in older adults and affects their quality of life and overall health, low handgrip strength is one of the main manifestations of sarcopenia. Resistance training is an effective intervention for improving muscle strength in older adults, but the optimal dose of resistance training remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the dose-response relationship between different doses of resistance training and grip strength in older adults. METHODS: This systematic review and network meta-analysis included a search in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for randomized controlled trials from inception to 19 October 2024 of resistance training for patients with senile sarcopenia. Comprehensive data extraction covered dose, resistance training protocol, demographics, and study duration. Systematic review with Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA) methodology was employed and results were presented as 95% credible intervals (Crl). RESULTS: A total of 13 studies involving 711 participants (mean age: 68.29 ± 5.30 years; mean BMI: 24.03 ± 3.43; female: 79.5%) were included in this study."},{"id":"source_35","type":"source","study":"Myokine Circulating Levels in Postmenopausal Women with Overweight or Obesity: Effects of Resistance Training and/or DHA-Rich n -3 PUFA Supplementation","year":2025,"doi":"10.3390/nu17152553","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152553","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Martinez-Gayo 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Menopause increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) accompanied by a decline in muscle function. Myokines, released by skeletal muscle, could play a significant role in cardiovascular health. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: This study aimed to investigate the changes induced by a 16-week resistance training (RT) program and/or the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich n -3 PUFA supplementation on myokine and cytokine circulating levels and to study their associations with parameters of body composition, muscle function, and glucose and lipid serum markers in postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity. RESULTS: At baseline, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were positively correlated with body fat and with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels and negatively associated with meterorin-like (METRNL) levels. Moreover, METRNL was inversely associated with insulin levels and with HOMA-IR. After the intervention, muscle quality improved with either treatment but more notably in response to RT. N -3 supplementation caused significant improvements in cardiometabolic health markers. TNF-α decreased in all experimental groups."},{"id":"source_36","type":"source","study":"Lemon myrtle extract enhances muscle hypertrophy induced by low-load bodyweight resistance training in older adults: Findings from two independent randomized controlled trials","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100706","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100706","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Sawada 2025","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: Previous literature has shown that combining lemon myrtle (LM) leaf extract with low-load resistance training may promote muscle hypertrophy. The current our studies aimed to verify the effects of LM intake combined with different training volumes on anterior thigh (AT) muscle thickness in older adults. DESIGN: Two independent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. SETTING: Community-based training intervention program. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 125 Japanese adults aged ≥65 years, with self-reported declines in muscle strength or walking ability. Study 1 (n = 47; LM group: n = 25, placebo group: n = 22) and Study 2 (n = 41; LM group: n = 22, placebo group: n = 19) were conducted independently, each with separate randomization into LM and placebo groups. INTERVENTION: Both studies involved low-load bodyweight resistance training twice weekly for 12 weeks. Study 1 compared LM + three sets of training with placebo + three sets; whereas Study 2 compared LM + one set with placebo + one set. MEASUREMENTS: AT muscle thickness (primary outcome) was assessed using B-mode ultrasound at baseline, 6, and 12 weeks."},{"id":"source_37","type":"source","study":"Risk Factors Associated with Systemic Arterial Hypertension in Postmenopausal Women Engaged in Resistance Training: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study","year":2026,"doi":"10.3390/ijerph23030408","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23030408","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Arruda 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) shows a high prevalence among postmenopausal women and represents an important public health concern. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors associated with SAH in postmenopausal women participating in a resistance training program. METHODS: This observational, cross-sectional study included 55 postmenopausal women (66.0 ± 4.9 years) recruited from the \"More Active Women\" research project, an umbrella experimental and longitudinal study involving resistance training interventions. Cross-sectional data were collected during the baseline assessment (April-May 2025). Sociodemographic variables, nutritional status (body mass index and waist circumference), and behavioral and health-related variables obtained through structured interviews and anthropometric assessments were analyzed. Associations were tested using Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, with effect size estimated by Phi or Cramer's V when appropriate, and binary logistic regression was performed for adjusted analyses. RESULTS: Significant associations were observed between SAH and elevated BMI ( p = 0.03; φ = 0.30), waist circumference > 88 cm ( p = 0.006; φ = 0."},{"id":"source_38","type":"source","study":"Impact of resistance training and chicken intake on vascular and muscle health in elderly women","year":2024,"doi":"10.1002/jcsm.13572","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13572","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Fujie 2024","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Resistance training is a well-known exercise therapy for preventing and improving lacks of muscle mass, strength, and quality with advances in age; however, its effects on arterial stiffness are not beneficial. Additionally, a higher intake of protein, which is an effective nutrient for muscle health, results in lower arterial stiffness. Whether the combination of moderate to high-intensity resistance training and high-protein intake would improve muscle mass, strength, and quality and cancel the resistance training-induced increase in arterial stiffness in elderly women remains unclear. METHODS: Ninety-three elderly women (67.2 ± 5.3 years) were randomly divided into four groups; sedentary control (CON), higher dietary animal protein intake (HP), resistance training (RT), and combination of RT and HP (RT + HP) groups. Participants in the RT and RT + HP groups completed 12 weeks of resistance training (exercise intensity at 70% of one-repetition maximum (1-RM), three sets with 10 repetitions of leg extension and curls, 3 days/week). In addition to the daily diet, the HP and RT + HP groups consumed steamed chicken breast as a high-protein diet."},{"id":"source_39","type":"source","study":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of resistance exercise on cognitive function in older adults","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1708244","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1708244","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Wu 2025a","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: Cognitive decline has become a major concern with global population ageing, profoundly affecting quality of life and social participation in older adults. Resistance exercise has recently gained attention as a promising strategy to promote neuroplasticity and mitigate cognitive deterioration; however, evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) remains inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effects of resistance exercise on cognitive function in older adults and to examine whether improvements vary by age and whether exercise parameters-such as type, duration, session length, and weekly frequency-show dose-response relationships. METHODS: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Science Direct were systematically searched from database inception to September 2024 for RCTs investigating the effects of resistance training on cognitive function in older adults (≥60 years). Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 (ROB2) tool, and meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan 5.4 and Stata 17. RESULTS: 17 RCTs (n =739) met the inclusion criteria."},{"id":"source_40","type":"source","study":"Effect of resistance training on body composition and physical function in older females with sarcopenic obesity—a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2025.1495218","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1495218","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Guo 2025c","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to validate the effects of resistance training (RT) on body composition and physical function in older females with sarcopenic obesity (SO). DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Older females (≥60 years). METHODS: Four electronic databases-PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library-were comprehensively searched through June 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing RT with non-exercise interventions or health education were included. Outcomes measured included key indicators such as body composition and physical function. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDRO) score, and the risk of bias was assessed utilizing the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 Tool (RoB 2). Ultimately, a meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.4. RESULTS: Results of our meta-analysis revealed that RT partially ameliorated body composition in patients, significantly reducing body fat percentage (BF%; WMD = -2.83, 95% CI: -4.55 to -1.12, p = 0.001)."},{"id":"source_41","type":"source","study":"Preserving brain health in aging: structural and biochemical benefits of water based resistance training, a randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-026-07413-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-026-07413-x","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Hosseini 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Brain aging leads to structural changes, especially atrophy, which can result in dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to explain the structural changes in brain aging. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week water-based resistance training (WBRT) program on brain structural integrity, mitochondrial-related growth factors, oxidative stress, and inflammation in older women. METHODS: A total of 24 older women (mean age:66) were randomly assigned to a WBRT group (n = 12) or a control (CON) group (n = 12). Participants in the WBRT group performed supervised resistance training in water three times per week for 12 weeks. Brain structural changes were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and blood samples were analyzed for Humanin (HN), Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21), Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF-15), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) as well as oxidative and inflammation biomarkers."},{"id":"source_42","type":"source","study":"Does resistance training alone or in combination with aerobic training improve vascular function indices in adults with type 2 diabetes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fendo.2026.1824213","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1824213","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Wang 2026a","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To systematically evaluate and meta-analytically quantify the effects of RT-based interventions-defined as resistance training alone or resistance training combined with aerobic training-on vascular function in adults with T2DM. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Ovid, CNKI, Wanfang Data, VIP, and CBM from inception to August 2025 for randomised controlled trials evaluating resistance training alone or combined with aerobic training on vascular function in adults with T2DM. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted using Hedge' s g and 95% confidence intervals ( CIs ). Heterogeneity was assessed with I² , and prespecified subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to explore potential moderators. RESULTS: Compared with non-exercise controls, RT-based interventions significantly reduced arterial stiffness ( Hedge' s g = -0.24, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.09; p = 0.0015) and improved endothelial function, as reflected by flow-mediated dilation ( Hedge' s g = 0.61, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.89; p < 0.0001), in adults with T2DM."},{"id":"source_43","type":"source","study":"The Role of HMB Supplementation in Enhancing the Effects of Resistance Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Muscle Quality, Body Composition, and Physical Function","year":2025,"doi":"10.3390/nu17223624","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17223624","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Garcia-Alonso 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Resistance training (RT) is a key strategy to counteract age-related declines in muscle strength and physical function. β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been proposed as a complementary supplement to enhance these adaptations. However, the additional effects of RT plus HMB (RT+HMB) compared with RT alone remain unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of RT+HMB versus RT alone on body composition, muscle quality (MQ), and physical function in older adults. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD420251144810), six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) were searched up to July 2025. Randomized controlled trials comparing RT+HMB with RT alone were included. Methodological quality was assessed with the PEDro scale and risk of bias using Cochrane RoB 2. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: Ten trials ( n = 596) met inclusion criteria. RT+HMB produced modest and borderline significant improvements in handgrip strength (SMD 0.24; 95% CI 0.00-0.48; p = 0."},{"id":"source_44","type":"source","study":"Optimizing prescription of resistance training for body composition, muscle strength, and physical performance in older adults with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s11556-025-00399-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-025-00399-2","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Tan 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to address key gaps in understanding the role of resistance training (RT) as an intervention to mitigate age-related sarcopenia. Specifically, it examined: (i) effects on body composition and physical performance; (ii) moderating influences of age and training intensity; and (iii) the presence of a dose-response relationship within the FITT-VP framework. METHODS: A comprehensive search of multiple databases identified randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating RT in older adults with sarcopenia. Data on body composition, muscle strength (MS), and functional performance were extracted. Moderator analyses assessed the impact of participant and intervention characteristics, and meta-regression was performed to explore dose-response patterns. RESULTS: Twenty-five RCTs involving 1,302 participants were included. RT produced significant improvements in MS (ES = 0.71), lean mass (LM, [ES = 0.22]), fat mass (FM, [ES = - 0.17]), walking ability (WA, [ES = 0.41]), grip strength ([GS, [ES = 0.55]), muscle quality (MQ, [ES = 1.25]) (all p < 0."},{"id":"source_45","type":"source","study":"Effects of four weeks of inspiratory muscle training with different resistance modalities on pulmonary function and specialized athletic ability in synchronized swimmers: a randomised trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-43018-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-43018-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Xu 2026","excerpt":"This study applies resistance inspiratory muscle training to synchronized swimmers and through two resistance setting methods to explore that the differences in the effects of four weeks of dynamic constant load resistance training versus constant load inspiratory muscle resistance training on improving pulmonary function and specialized athletic ability in synchronized swimmers. Fourteen synchronized swimmers were randomly assigned to the dynamic constant load resistance inspiratory muscle training group (n = 7) and the constant load resistance inspiratory muscle training group (n = 7) for 4 weeks of inspiratory muscle resistance training. Group 1 was trained with the resistance setting of dynamic constant load resistance, and 50% of the maximum inspiratory muscle strength index (S-index) measured every Friday was used as the training load for the following week, while group 2 was trained with the constant load, and 50% of the initial value of S-index was used as the training load. The training schedule of both groups was 5 days per week, 2 sets per day, 30 repetitions per set."},{"id":"source_46","type":"source","study":"Low‐Dose Lemon Myrtle Supplementation Enhances Muscle Hypertrophy in Older Adults Undergoing Low‐Load Resistance Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1155/jare/8887586","url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/jare/8887586","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Mitsuhashi 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Our previous study showed that a combination of lemon myrtle (LM) leaf extract at the conventional dose (250 mg/day, 2.5 mg/day as casuarinin) and low-load resistance training using body weight led to significantly greater increases in muscle size than resistance training alone. This study aimed to determine whether LM supplementation at half the conventional dose (125 mg/day, 1.25 mg/day as casuarinin), combined with low-load resistance training, could similarly enhance muscle hypertrophy in older adults and to evaluate the persistence of these effects during a detraining period. METHODS: This was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Sixty Japanese men and women aged ≥ 65 years who were aware of age-related declines in muscle strength participated. Participants were randomly assigned to a placebo group or an LM group (receiving 125 mg/day). Both groups performed low-load, bodyweight resistance training twice weekly (three sets of four exercises). Anterior thigh muscle thickness was assessed before and after the 12-week intervention, and after a subsequent 6-week detraining period."},{"id":"source_47","type":"source","study":"Effects of resistance training on muscle mass, strength, and physical function in older women with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1735899","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1735899","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Zhou 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Resistance training is widely recommended for sarcopenia, yet evidence in older women remains limited. This study systematically evaluated its effects on muscle mass, strength, and physical function in this population. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched up to February 2025; the protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251066233). Meta-analyses were performed using the \"meta\" package in R under a random-effects model with restricted maximum likelihood estimation. Study quality was assessed using RoB 2, and evidence certainty via GRADE. RESULTS: Twelve randomized controlled trials involving 518 older women with sarcopenia were included. Resistance training significantly improved handgrip strength (SMD = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.11-0.74), gait speed (SMD = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.64), knee extension strength (SMD = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.37 to 1.33), Timed Up and Go (SMD = -0.68, 95% CI: -0.95 to -0.41), and 30-Second Chair Stand (SMD = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.86), but had no significant effect on skeletal muscle mass index."},{"id":"source_48","type":"source","study":"Effects of exergaming with a resistance component versus traditional resistance training on sarcopenia in pre-frail and frail nursing home residents: a pilot randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1007/s41999-025-01294-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-025-01294-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Liu 2026b","excerpt":"PURPOSE: To compare exergaming with a resistance component and traditional resistance training in terms of feasibility and the preliminary effects on sarcopenia, cognition, functional mobility, and frailty among pre-frail and frail nursing home residents. METHODS: A two-arm pilot randomized controlled trial was conducted in three nursing homes. Thirty residents who met the criteria for pre-frailty or frailty and had low handgrip strength were randomized to participate in either exergaming with resistance (EGRG) or traditional resistance training (TRTG) for 12 weeks (twice-weekly, 40-min sessions). The primary outcomes included sarcopenia-related parameters (e.g., muscle mass, strength, lower extremity function, SARC-CalF). The secondary outcomes were cognition (HK-MoCA), functional mobility (TUG), and frailty (CFS-C). Assessments were performed at baseline and 6, 12, 16, and 24 weeks. RESULTS: Thirty of 93 approached residents were enrolled and randomized (EGRG; n = 15, TRTG; n = 15), and 24 completed the study (80% retention). No significant group × time interaction was found for any outcome."},{"id":"source_49","type":"source","study":"Biological sex as a tailoring variable for exercise prescription in hospitalized older adults","year":2024,"doi":"10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100377","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100377","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Asteasu 2024","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sex-based differences in the clinical presentation and outcomes are well-established in patients hospitalized for geriatric syndromes. We aimed to investigate sex differences in response to in-hospital exercise on function, strength, cognition, and quality of life in acute care admissions. METHODS: 570 patients (mean age 87 years, 298 females [52.3%]) admitted to acute care for elderly units were randomized to multicomponent exercise emphasizing progressive resistance training or usual care. Functional assessments included Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), grip strength, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and health-related quality of life (EQ-VAS). RESULTS: Exercising females showed more significant SPPB improvements than males (between-group difference 1.48 points, p = 0.027), exceeding the minimal clinically significant difference. While female participants significantly increased handgrip strength and male patients improved cognition after in-hospital exercise compared to the control group (all p < 0.001), no sex differences occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Females demonstrate more excellent physical function improvements compared to male older patients."},{"id":"source_50","type":"source","study":"Effects of Diactive‐1–Supported Progressive Resistance Training on Body Composition in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes","year":2026,"doi":"10.1002/jcsm.70257","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.70257","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"MunozPardeza 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Compared to their healthy peers, children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes are at an increased risk of adverse changes in body composition, including increased fat mass along with reductions in lean and bone mass. Although exercise has shown promise in improving body mass index in this population, the individual effects of resistance training on specific body composition parameters remain understudied. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training supported by the mHealth application Diactive-1 on body composition in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. METHODS: Sixty-two participants with type 1 diabetes (aged 8-18 years old; 48% females) participated in a 24-week randomised controlled trial and were assigned to either the usual care group (n = 32) or the exercise group (n = 30). The intervention was delivered via the Diactive-1 app, which generates progressive overload resistance training programmes tailored to real-time glycaemia and provides educational support. Body composition was assessed using anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, with fat, lean and bone measurements standardised by age, sex and ethnicity."},{"id":"source_51","type":"source","study":"Standardized Program of Resistance Training for Prostate Cancer Patients Receiving Androgen Deprivation Therapy (SPoRT-PCa-ADT): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12885-026-15902-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-026-15902-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Soler-Lopez 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer causes significant adverse effects including muscle wasting, bone density reduction, increased fatigue, and psychological distress. Despite growing evidence supporting exercise as an effective countermeasure, standardized evidence-based protocols for this population remain underdeveloped in clinical practice. Exercise is beneficial for managing cancer-related side effects, and general exercise guidelines for cancer survivors are available, but tailoring of exercise interventions may be more effective in those with treatment-specific complications. METHODS/DESIGN: This randomized controlled trial with two parallel arms compares a 24-week supervised progressive resistance training program (SPoRT-PCa-ADT) with a control group receiving personalized home-based training following initial assessment and weekly telephone follow-up. The SPoRT-PCa-ADT Program utilizes velocity-based training methodology, progressing through three distinct phases (adaptation, development, maintenance) with intensity corresponding to 60% 1RM (mean propulsive velocity 0.92 m/s) and a 10% velocity loss threshold."},{"id":"source_52","type":"source","study":"The effect of resistance training for older adults with cognitive frailty: a randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06311-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06311-y","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Wu 2025b","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Cognitive decline and the progression to dementia are hastened in individuals with cognitive frailty. Exercise interventions benefit cognitive function in patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) or frailty. While the optimal implementation of resistance training for cognitive frailty is still being explored. The aims of this study were to develop and evaluate the effect of a novel, hybrid online-offline resistance training regimen for the cognitive frailty cohort. METHODS: In this single-blind, randomized controlled trial, 68 individuals with MCI and frailty or pre-frailty were enrolled and allocated to either a resistance training program or a standard senior fitness exercise regimen. The resistance training, designed based on the intervention mapping framework, comprised a 12-week hybrid intervention, blending online and offline sessions, conducted three times a week. The primary outcomes measured were global cognitive function and physical function. Data analysis was conducted meticulously using covariance analysis, with a commitment to the intention-to-treat principle. RESULTS: The hybrid online-offline resistance training regimen was both safe and feasible."},{"id":"source_53","type":"source","study":"Efficacy of progressive resistance training intensities and adequate dietary protein intake for community-dwelling frail older adults (TEAMS study), protocol for a randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06209-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06209-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Benali 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Progressive Resistance Training (PRT) and adequate dietary protein are crucial for preventing and managing sarcopenia and frailty in older adults. To date, the optimal intensity of PRT and the added value of dietary protein for enhancing muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in frail older adults remain unclear. This randomised controlled trial aims to determine the efficacy of various PRT intensities and adequate dietary protein intake in improving muscle mass, strength and physical performance in frail, community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: This study is a two-step randomised clinical trial involving 300 frail older adults. Participants will engage in a 12-week PRT twice weekly. Initially, participants will be randomised to specific training intensities, ranging from 20 to 80% of their one-repetition maximum (1-RM). Subsequently, participants will be further randomised into two groups: an intervention group receiving a dietary intervention targeting a daily protein intake of 1.2-1.5 g/kg/day (PRT-Pro), and a control group with no dietary intervention (PRT-only)."},{"id":"source_54","type":"source","study":"Short-term resistance training enhances functional and physiological markers in older women: implications for biomechanical and health interventions in aging","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1630525","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1630525","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Ucar 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: The impact of resistance training extends beyond the enhancement of muscle strength, encompassing improvements in physical performance, postural stability, and overall functional capacity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 4-week resistance training program on functional capacity, respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness, and liver density in healthy older women. METHODS: The study included 30 healthy women aged 60-80 years and was designed as a randomized controlled experimental trial. Participants were randomly assigned to a resistance training (RT) group or a control (CON) group. Each participant attended the laboratory on three occasions: during the initial visit, the study procedures were explained; the second visit involved baseline assessments (6MWT, diaphragm thickness and liver fat via ultrasound, and respiratory muscle strength); and final measurements were conducted after the 4-week training programme during the third visit. RESULTS: When pre- and post-training measurements were compared, the resistance training (RT) group demonstrated a significantly greater improvement (8."},{"id":"source_55","type":"source","study":"Effectiveness of Iso-Inertial Resistance Training on Muscle Power in Middle-Older Adults: Randomized Controlled Trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.2196/66414","url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/66414","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Arroniz 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Resistance training is commonly used to prevent the decline in muscle power associated with aging. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of iso-inertial (IN) training on power, physical performance, and variables associated with the risk of falls, compared to gravitational (GR) training, in physically active middle-older adults. METHODS: A parallel-group, randomized controlled trial was conducted at Espai Esport Wellness Center (Granollers, Spain). In total, 44 physically active adults (age >57) were randomized 1:1 to either the IN (n=21) or GR (n=23) training groups (using R software; R Core Team). Participants completed a 6-week training program (2 sessions/week) consisting of 3 exercises (forward lunge, side lunge, and forward lunge with row). The primary outcome includes power in the eccentric phase of each exercise, evaluated using both IN and GR devices. Secondary outcomes include concentric power, physical performance, and variables associated with the risk of falls. Only outcome evaluators were blinded. We used multivariate linear regression models for the analysis."},{"id":"source_56","type":"source","study":"The effect of elastic-band resistance training on fecal microbiota and derived metabolites of aged individuals with possible sarcopenia","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fmed.2026.1762454","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2026.1762454","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Duan 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Individuals with possible sarcopenia exhibit altered microbiota profiles and poor intestinal metabolism. Exercise training is linked to changes in gut microbiota and has been proposed to enhance the quality of aging skeletal muscle. AIMS: In older adults with possible sarcopenia, the study aimed to determine if elastic-band resistance training modulates gut microbiota and its generated metabolites and investigate the underlying relationships with physical function. METHODS: Thirty-one volunteers with possible sarcopenia were randomly assigned to either the control group (CG, n = 17) or the intervention group (RG, n = 14), which underwent 24 weeks of elastic-band resistance training. Physical function, body composition, and blood and fecal samples were collected from each patient at baseline and 24 weeks. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate protein metabolism regulatory factors, targeted metabolomics was used to quantify short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels, and metagenomic sequencing was used to analyze the composition of the fecal microbiota."},{"id":"source_57","type":"source","study":"Effect of resistance training combined with carbohydrate and protein supplementation on the HOMA-IR, glycemic, lipid profile and hypertrophy of older adults with Type II Diabetes: secondary data analysis of a triple-blind RCT","year":2026,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-026-03374-8","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-026-03374-8","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Rosa 2026","excerpt":"INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic disease associated with major health complications, including cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of resistance training (RT) combined with protein or carbohydrate supplementation on muscle strength, hypertrophy, and glycemic and lipid profiles in older adults with T2DM. METHODS: A triple-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted with 60 men with T2DM, allocated into three groups: Protein Group (20 g whey protein), Maltodextrin Group (20 g maltodextrin), and Control Group (colored water). All participants completed a 12-week RT program performed twice weekly. Each session included six exercises, with three sets of 8-12 repetitions, guided by subjective perception of effort. Muscle strength progression was monitored through training loads. Glycemic response, HOMA-IR, and lipid profile were analyzed, while muscle thickness of the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis was measured using ultrasound. RESULTS: The Protein Group showed a significant reduction in HOMA-IR (p = 0.03), indicating improved insulin resistance. Lipid profile variables showed no significant changes across groups."},{"id":"source_58","type":"source","study":"Impacts of resistance training combined with vibration training on the IGF-1/PI3K/AKT/FOXO3 axis and clinical outcomes in patients with sarcopenia: A protocol for a randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0333343","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0333343","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Zhou 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia is an age-associated disorder characterized by a progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical function. The condition is linked to low levels of anabolic hormones such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), with its downstream phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT)/ forkhead box protein O3 (FOXO3) signaling pathway. There is growing evidence that resistance training (RT) or vibration training (VT) could improve physical functioning in individuals with sarcopenia. However, the related physiological influence of exercise on sarcopenia remains elusive. METHOD: This prospective randomized controlled trial will be conducted among 96 participants, aged between 65 and 80 years. In participants, sarcopenia diagnosis will be confirmed based on the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia criteria, and participants will be randomized into either control, RT, VT, or RVT (combined RT and VT) groups. The intervention will last 12 weeks, with assessments performed at baseline, 12 weeks (after intervention), and 24 weeks (follow-up). The primary outcomes will include skeletal muscle mass, handgrip strength, and gait speed."},{"id":"source_59","type":"source","study":"Effects of Resistance Training Combined with Vitamin D Supplementation on Health-Related Variables in the Elderly: Muscle Strength, Body Composition, and Inflammatory Status","year":2025,"doi":"10.3390/ijerph22111695","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111695","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Rosa 2025","excerpt":"Aging is associated with changes in body composition that lead to low-grade chronic inflammation, compromising the health of the elderly. This condition can be mitigated by resistance training (RT) and vitamin D supplementation, promoting the health of this population. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of RT combined with vitamin D supplementation on body composition, muscle strength, and inflammatory status in older adults. A total of 26 participants were randomly assigned to an Experimental Group (EG: n = 12; 11 Female; 70.6 ± 4.7 years; RT + 2000 IU/day of vitamin D) and a Control Group (EG: n = 14; 11 Female; 69.6 ± 4.6 years; RT + placebo). Both groups performed the same RT program (8 exercises; 2 sets; 10 RM, twice per week). Before and after the intervention, participants were assessed using DEXA, strength tests (sit-to-stand test and handgrip strength), and serum biomarkers (IL-6, TNF-α, 25(OH)D). Both groups showed significant strength gains, particularly in the lower limbs ( p < 0.05 for all tests and groups), with no between-group differences in body composition or inflammatory markers ( p > 0.05 for all tests and groups)."},{"id":"source_60","type":"source","study":"Effects of synergistic tongue and chin resistance training on swallowing function, oral intake, and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly individuals with frailty: a double-blind randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.7189/jogh.15.04358","url":"https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.15.04358","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Chou 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Tongue strengthening exercises (TSE) and chin tuck against resistance (CTAR) improve swallowing function. However, previous findings are limited to post-stroke population, single-mode therapies, and immediate post-test assessment only, while evidence on effects of combined therapies in community-dwelling elderly individuals with frailty is unknown. Therefore, we explored effects of synergistic TSE and CTAR on swallowing function (tongue strength, swallowing pressure, tongue endurance, and lip strength), oral intake, and cognitive function. METHODS: A prospective three-arm parallel-group double-blind randomised controlled trial conducted in community residential care facilities. Participants were assigned to TSE + CTAR (n = 31), CTAR (n = 30), or control group: cheek-bulging exercises (n = 30) by block randomisation with block size set at six and sealed opaque envelopes used for allocation concealment. Swallowing training included two phases - (i) initial swallowing training (baseline to 3-month) and (ii) a 3-month booster training initiated immediately after T4 (6-month follow-up) - conducted for 30-minute/session, 3-sessions/d, 6 days/week for 3 months."},{"id":"source_61","type":"source","study":"Examining how resistance training affects bone strength in older adults with rheumatic diseases: a systematic review","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s41927-025-00531-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s41927-025-00531-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Channaoui 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Rheumatic diseases significantly impact global healthcare through disability, lost productivity, and reduced quality of life, making them an important focus for researchers. As physiological changes associated with aging decrease bone mineral density, rheumatic diseases further elevate fracture risk in older adults. Resistance training has been shown to counteract age-related declines through increases in muscle, strength, and bone mineral density, demonstrating its potential for mitigating bone mineral density loss. This systematic review examines the effectiveness of resistance training interventions in maintaining or improving bone mineral density in older adults with rheumatic diseases, an issue of relevance given impaired skeletal integrity linked to these diseases. METHODS: Articles were included if written in English, published after December 31, 1999, and in peer-reviewed journals with full-text, examined adults aged 65 years and above with diagnosed rheumatic disease, and used prospective longitudinal resistance training interventions on bone mineral density outcomes."},{"id":"source_62","type":"source","study":"Understanding the gut microbiome through a fitness intervention of aerobic and resistance training for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (GUTFIT: A Study Protocol)","year":2026,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0343294","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0343294","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"protocol","cited_as":"Thomson 2026","excerpt":"INTRODUCTION: Exercise is a cornerstone of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) management, yet individuals exhibit vast inter-individual variability in glycemic response to interventions. Gut microbial diversity and exercise intensity may be factors influencing this response variability. However, the interplay between exercise intensity, microbial adaptations, and glycemic outcomes in individuals living with T2DM remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this protocol is to describe the GUTFIT study, which aims to test whether performing vigorous-intensity combined aerobic and resistance training produces greater changes in glycemia and gut microbial diversity than moderate-intensity training in individuals living with T2DM. A secondary objective is to explore whether decreases in glycemia after exercise are associated with alterations in gut microbial community architecture and diversity. METHODS: The GUTFIT Study (NCT06268743) is a parallel-group, single-blinded, randomized trial involving 40 adult participants (n = 20 female) living with T2DM."},{"id":"source_63","type":"source","study":"Effectiveness and Safety of Interventions for Sarcopenia in Advanced Prostate Carcinoma: Systematic Review","year":2026,"doi":"10.1002/jcsm.70290","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.70290","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"PablosRodriguez 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia has emerged as a potential prognostic factor in patients with advanced prostate cancer (PCa), requiring interventions for its prevention and treatment. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to systematically identify, critically assess and synthesize the available evidence on the effectiveness and safety of interventions for preventing or treating sarcopenia in advanced PCa patients. METHODS: MEDLINE, Embase and Web of Science were searched. Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials or longitudinal observational studies with a control group focusing on PCa patients aged 60 years and older were considered. Study selection, data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment of the included studies were performed in duplicate. When possible, pooled effect estimates were calculated. RESULTS: Twenty studies (n = 1275) were included. Resistance training (RT) (MD = 3.22 kg; 95% CI 0.69, 5.75) and the use of antimyostatin peptibody (MD = 2.2 kg; SE 0.8%) demonstrated statistically significant prevention of lean body mass loss in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Exercise improved leg press (MD = 25.17 kg; 95% CI [8.71, 41.62]), leg extension (MD = 9.63 kg; 95% CI [4."},{"id":"source_64","type":"source","study":"Association between cardiac autonomic control and blood pressure response to resistance training in adults with pharmacologically treated hypertension","year":2026,"doi":"10.14814/phy2.70863","url":"https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.70863","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"BenavidesRoca 2026","excerpt":"This study aimed to assess the acute cardiac autonomic responses to high and low intensity resistance training and their association with post exercise hypotension in adults with pharmacologically treated hypertension. This randomized clinical trial included 31 participants with pharmacologically treated hypertension. The effects of two resistance training sessions performed at high intensity (80% of 1RM) and low intensity (40% of 1RM), matched for total training volume, were compared. Blood pressure and heart rate variability were measured before and after exercise. Significance level was set at 5%. No significant interaction was observed for any of the variables (p > 0.05). Both intensities produced significant reductions in blood pressure and in cardiac parasympathetic indices. During the high intensity session, ΔV1% heart rate variability index was positively correlated with blood pressure reductions. During the low intensity session, low frequency was negatively correlated with blood pressure."},{"id":"source_65","type":"source","study":"Effects of elastic band resistance training on lower limb strength and balance function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1649305","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1649305","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Meng 2025","excerpt":"INTRODUCTION: This study systematically evaluated the effectiveness of elastic band resistance training (EBT) in improving lower limb strength and balance function in older adults with different health status. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across Scopus, EBSCO, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published through December 30, 2024. Eligible studies included older adults in which the control group received either no intervention or basic treatment, and the experimental group received EBT in addition to the control protocol. RESULTS: A total of 25 studies involving 1,318 participants were included. Meta-analysis demonstrated significant improvements in the EBT group compared with controls across multiple outcomes: leg extension test [SMD = 1.01, 95% CI (0.36, 1.66), p = 0.002], chair stand test [SMD = 2.04, 95% CI (0.60, 3.48), p = 0.006], timed up and go test [SMD = -1.41, 95% CI (-2.33, -0.49), p = 0.003] and functional reach test [SMD = 1.63, 95% CI (0.36, 2.90), p = 0.012]."},{"id":"source_66","type":"source","study":"The effect of aerobic and resistance training in patients with type 2 diabetes on vitamin D (DIAVITEX): a study protocol","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1674293","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1674293","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"protocol","cited_as":"Dardashtipour 2026","excerpt":"INTRODUCTION: Aerobic and resistance training can effectively improve clinical management in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Low vitamin D (VitD) levels are associated with T2D risk and metabolic disturbances, and may help reduce this risk, particularly in individuals with low VitD levels. In this line, many individuals with T2D, who may also be older adults or have osteoporosis, regularly include VitD treatment in their healthcare routines. Although the impact of exercise has been extensively studied, its effect on diabetic patients taking VitD remains limited. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of aerobic and resistance training on clinical parameters in patients with T2D already taking VitD. METHODS: The DIAVITEX study is a randomized controlled superiority trial, with four parallel arms, including 80 individuals with T2D. Patients will be selected at the Primary Care Centers and stratified according to their pre-existing VitD treatment."},{"id":"source_67","type":"source","study":"Arterial stiffness adaptations to chronic resistance and aerobic exercise: a systematic review of exercise modalities","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2025.1701763","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1701763","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Shaw 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness is a strong predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in older adults. Despite exercise being shown to positively influence arterial health, the relative effectiveness of various exercise modalities remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of resistance training (RT), aerobic training (AER), and concurrent aerobic plus resistance training (CON) on arterial stiffness in older adults, a recognised modifiable and independent cardiovascular risk factor. METHODS: A comprehensive search of Medline (EBSCO), EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and clinicaltrials.gov was conducted. The robust search strategy, which also included systematic reviews being hand-searched for relevant articles and a forward and backwards citation search on the included articles, was employed to reduce the risk of selection and publication biases. Studies included in the review assessed arterial stiffness using pulse wave velocity (PWV) and focused on individuals aged 60 years and above who participated in a chronic (≥ 8 weeks) structured exercise intervention (RT, AER, or CON)."},{"id":"source_68","type":"source","study":"A pilot randomized trial of supervised resistance training plus home-based activity in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-38721-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38721-2","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Sanchez-Gonzalez 2026","excerpt":"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is frequently associated with frailty, impaired physical function, and reduced quality of life. Evidence on the role of exercise in this population is limited. This pilot randomised clinical trial evaluated the effects of a supervised resistance training programme, combined with a home-based physical activity plan, on frailty, body composition, strength, fatigue, quality of life, and mental health in patients with CLL receiving active treatment. Thirty-six patients were randomised to either a home-based physical activity group plus a supervised resistance training programme group (n = 18) or a home-based physical activity group (n = 14) for eight weeks. The primary outcome was frailty assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery. Secondary outcomes included body composition, grip strength, fatigue, quality of life, anxiety and depression, and sleep quality. Non-parametric analyses were performed, and effect sizes calculated. No differences between-group were found in frailty. However, participants in the supervised group showed significant improvements in lean mass (p = 0.047), dominant hand grip strength (p = 0."},{"id":"source_69","type":"source","study":"Effects of low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction and swallowing training on sarcopenic dysphagia in community-dwelling older people in China: a randomised controlled trial protocol","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-026-07464-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-026-07464-0","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Xing 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sarcopenic dysphagia, characterised by dysphagia resulting from sarcopenia with decline of skeletal muscles and swallowing-related muscle strength and mass, poses a significant healthcare and economic burden on families and society. Swallowing training (ST) has been proven to improve dysphagia in older people with neurological disorders such as stroke. However, the effects of this training on people with sarcopenic dysphagia are limited. Considering the significant effect of sarcopenia on the pathogenesis of sarcopenic dysphagia, resistance training was incorporated into the conventional ST protocol to potentially enhance outcomes of interventions and provide additional benefits for older people with sarcopenic dysphagia. This study aims to compare the effects of resistance training combined with ST and ST alone in older people with sarcopenic dysphagia and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: This study is a 12-week randomised, assessors-blind controlled trial."},{"id":"source_70","type":"source","study":"The feasibility of resistance training versus aerobic exercise in a rehabilitation setting for people living with psychotic disorders: A randomised controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1177/00048674251361681","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00048674251361681","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Korman 2025","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: People with psychotic disorders face significant functional impairments, high levels of disability, multimorbidity and physical health challenges. Despite unique health benefits, resistance training remains underexplored in this population and rarely implemented in real-world mental health settings. METHODS: This randomised controlled trial comparing resistance training with aerobic interval training in people with psychotic disorders accessing psychiatric rehabilitation. Supervised exercise sessions by exercise physiologists were conducted 3 times per week over 8 weeks. Primary outcomes were feasibility, acceptability and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were psychiatric symptoms, global and physical functioning and the effect of randomisation to exercise type on participation rates. RESULTS: In total, 54 participants (median age 31 years, 71.6% male, 75% diagnosed with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder, 55.5% with ⩾3 health conditions) were enrolled. Resistance training met predetermined feasibility and acceptability thresholds and showed comparable results to aerobic interval training with no significant exercise-related adverse events."},{"id":"source_71","type":"source","study":"Additional treatment strategies for hypothyroidism: a network meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1530/EC-26-0011","url":"https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-26-0011","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Lv 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Hypothyroidism often impairs quality of life (QoL). This network meta-analysis (NMA) evaluated the efficacy and safety of additional interventions alongside levothyroxine (LT4). METHODS: This study adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and is registered on PROSPERO (CRD420251085765). PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the treatment of hypothyroidism. A Bayesian NMA was performed, reporting standardized mean differences (SMDs) or risk ratios (RRs) with 95% credible intervals (CrIs). Evidence certainty was assessed using the CINeMA framework. RESULTS: Thirty-five RCTs involving 3,508 patients were included. Compared with placebo, levothyroxine (LT4) + aerobic training (AT) + resistance training (RT) significantly reduced thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels (SMD = -3.97, 95% CrI: -5.76, -2.18, CINeMA: high certainty); LT4 + zinc (Zn) + magnesium (Mg) + vitamin A (VA) raised free thyroxine (FT4) (SMD = 1.95, 95% CrI: 1.37, 2.53, CINeMA: high certainty); and LT4 + Zn increased free triiodothyronine (FT3) (SMD = 1.46, 95% CrI: 0.40, 2.51, CINeMA: low certainty)."},{"id":"source_72","type":"source","study":"Non-pharmacological interventions for improving sleep quality in adults aged 50 years and older: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s13690-026-01892-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-026-01892-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Wang 2026b","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent among adults aged 50 years and older and are associated with substantial public health burdens, including impaired cognitive function, reduced quality of life, and increased healthcare utilization. Although non-pharmacological treatments (NPTs) are increasingly recommended as first-line strategies, their comparative effectiveness and optimal implementation characteristics remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically compare the efficacy and acceptability of NPTs for improving sleep quality in adults aged 50 years and older. METHODS: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials were conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, and Web of Science from inception to April 1, 2025. Eligible trials enrolled adults aged 50 years and older with sleep disturbances (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ≥ 5) and evaluated one of 25 predefined NPTs. Global sleep quality was analyzed using standardized mean differences, and all-cause dropout was assessed using risk ratios under random-effects models."},{"id":"source_73","type":"source","study":"Dose–response effects of resistance training on physical function in frail older Chinese adults: A randomized controlled trial","year":2023,"doi":"10.1002/jcsm.13359","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13359","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lai 2023","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Effective exercise for the frail elderly has been found to contribute to healthy aging; the corresponding relationship between intensity and volume of exercise and health effects remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the dose-response effects of resistance training on muscle strength and physical fitness in frail older adults. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, participants were randomized into seven groups: moderate-volume low-intensity, moderate-volume moderate-intensity, moderate-volume high-intensity, high-volume low-intensity, high-volume moderate-intensity, high-volume high-intensity and routine care, receiving 12 weeks of resistance training of different intensities and volumes of exercise. The outcomes were muscle strength (assessed by ergonomics force gauges) and physical fitness function (assessed by the 6-min walking test [6MWT], the 30-s sit-to-stand test [30sSTST] and the 8-foot up-and-go test [8-FUGT]) before and at 6 and 12 weeks of intervention. RESULTS: A total of 161 participants completed the exercise intervention."},{"id":"source_74","type":"source","study":"American College of Sports Medicine Position Stand. Resistance Training Prescription for Muscle Function, Hypertrophy, and Physical Performance in Healthy Adults: An Overview of Reviews","year":2026,"doi":"10.1249/MSS.0000000000003897","url":"https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000003897","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"CURRIER 2026","excerpt":"PURPOSE: The aim of this overview of reviews was to determine the impact of resistance training (RT) prescription on muscle function and hypertrophy, utilizing evidence synthesis methods. It updates the American College of Sports Medicine 2009 Position Stand, \"Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults.\" DATA SOURCES: Ovid MEDLINE(R) ALL, Ovid Emcare, Ovid Embase, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EBSCOhost SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science Core Collection current to October 2024. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Eligible systematic reviews synthesized randomized trials of healthy adults (≥18 yr) who completed RT (≥6 wk; range: 6-52 wk), compared with a group that completed no exercise or an alternative RT program, and reported the change in muscle function, size, or physical performance. RESULTS: We synthesized data from 137 systematic reviews (>30,000 participants). Compared with no exercise (control), RT significantly improved muscle strength, size (hypertrophy), power, endurance, contraction velocity, gait speed, balance, and multiple physical function outcomes. Few RT prescription (RTx) variables affected primary adaptations."},{"id":"source_75","type":"source","study":"The role of resistance training in improving beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12902-026-02286-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-026-02286-y","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Li 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Beta-cell function is a critical parameter for diagnosing and managing Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Progressive β-cell failure is a key driver of disease progression and long-term complications in T2DM. While aerobic exercise has been shown to improve glycemic control, the specific effect of resistance training (RT) on β-cell function remains less explored. The aim of this review is to investigate whether RT improves β-cell function in people living with prediabetes or T2DM compared to control conditions, and to estimate the magnitude of this effect. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Six controlled trials involving a total of 581 participants were included. The sample consisted of adults with prediabetes or T2DM participating in structured RT programs. Measures of β-cell function, including HOMA-β, HOMA2-β, and the disposition index (DI), were assessed. Fasting-based indices were pooled using random-effects models where sufficient data were available, and remaining studies were synthesized narratively."},{"id":"source_76","type":"source","study":"Early Supervised Incremental Resistance Training Versus Standard Care Following Median Sternotomy—A Preliminary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1093/icvts/ivag085","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/icvts/ivag085","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Ali 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and feasibility of implementing a supervised incremental UL resistance training program in the early postoperative period, and to investigate its initial effects on UL function and patient-reported pain at four weeks and three months after median sternotomy. METHODS: This study is a report of the preliminary analysis of a phase II prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial that tested the Early Supervised Incremental Resistance Training intervention following a median sternotomy and explored its effects on upper limb function and patient-reported pain at 4 weeks and at 3 months.Primary outcomes were safety (defined by sternal wound complications); feasibility (assessed by recruitment and adherence); and upper limb function (measured by the Unsupported Upper Limb Exercise Test). Secondary outcomes included the Functional Difficulty Questionnaire Shortened Version and pain using the Numeric Rating Scale. Assessments occurred at baseline, discharge, 4 weeks and 3 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Fifty-five participants were recruited (Early Supervised Incremental Resistance Training, n = 27; standard care, n = 28)."},{"id":"source_77","type":"source","study":"Effects of Remotely Supervised Home-Based High-Speed Bodyweight Resistance Training on Bradykinesia in Individuals With Parkinson Disease: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.2196/84689","url":"https://doi.org/10.2196/84689","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Benfica 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Exercises that involve increasing the speed of movements are beneficial for individuals with Parkinson disease (PD) and have the potential to reduce bradykinesia. High-speed bodyweight resistance training is accessible and versatile and can be performed anytime and anywhere, including at home. Furthermore, it is important to consider home exercises that enable treatment continuity and reduce barriers such as transportation difficulties and participation in physical exercise programs. However, we have not identified any studies that have conducted home-based high-speed bodyweight resistance training in individuals with PD. OBJECTIVE: This protocol aims to investigate the effects of remotely supervised home-based high-speed bodyweight resistance training in reducing bradykinesia and improving mobility, muscle power, dynamic balance, and quality of life in individuals with PD. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial will be performed with 1:1 allocation, blinded assessments, and an intention-to-treat analysis. Altogether, 46 individuals with PD, aged ≥50 years, who have bradykinesia and a sedentary or insufficiently active lifestyle, will be included."},{"id":"source_78","type":"source","study":"The effects of Tai Chi Chuan combined with unstable resistance training on knee muscle strength and dynamic balance in female college students: a randomized controlled study protocol","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2026.1868830","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1868830","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"He 2026","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Insufficient physical activity and prolonged sedentary behavior among college students are associated with reduced lower-limb muscle strength, impaired dynamic balance, and increased susceptibility to sports-related knee injury. Female college students may be especially vulnerable because of sex-specific neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics. Tai Chi Chuan may improve proprioceptive control and coordinated knee muscle activation, whereas unstable resistance training may rapidly enhance strength and neuromuscular stabilization. Whether a combined programme can produce complementary central-peripheral benefits remains to be verified in a rigorously designed randomized trial. METHODS: This protocol describes a single-center, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. Fifty-seven healthy female college students aged 18-22 years will be recruited from Fenyang College, Shanxi Medical University, and randomly allocated in a 1:1:1 ratio to a Tai Chi Chuan group (TCC), unstable resistance training group (URT), or Tai Chi Chuan combined with unstable resistance training group (T + URT). All interventions will last 8 weeks, with three 60-min sessions per week."},{"id":"source_79","type":"source","study":"Comparative effects of different intensities of aerobic and resistance exercise on glycemic control and cardiorespiratory fitness in middle-aged older patients with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis.","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2026.1818686","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1818686","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yu 2026","excerpt":"INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly prevalent among middle-aged and older adults and is associated with adverse metabolic, cardiovascular, and functional outcomes. Although aerobic exercise, resistance training, and combined training are commonly recommended, comparative evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of different exercise intensities remains limited. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis to compare the effects of different aerobic and resistance exercise modalities and intensities in this population. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were systematically searched from inception to May 5, 2026, without language restrictions. A combined strategy of controlled vocabulary and free-text terms was applied. The primary outcomes were glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and resting heart rate (HR). Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated with the CINeMA framework. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251270452)."},{"id":"source_80","type":"source","study":"Comparison of the Effectiveness of Protein Supplementation Combined with Resistance Training on Body Composition and Physical Function in Healthy Elderly Adults.","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.01.017","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.01.017","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Tian 2025","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: The global population of individuals over 65 y is expected to reach 426 million by 2050. Aging is associated with a progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and function, leading to sarcopenia and adverse outcomes such as physical disability and increased mortality. Interventions such as resistance training and protein supplementation have shown promise in mitigating these effects. OBJECTIVES: To determine the comparative effectiveness of protein supplementation, resistance training, and their combination on body composition and physical function in healthy older adults through a network meta-analysis. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines and registered it in PROSPERO (CRD42021226561). We included randomized controlled trials comparing protein supplementation, resistance training, and their combination in participants aged ≥50 y. Data were extracted from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool. RESULTS: A total of 38 randomized controlled trials involving 2610 participants were included."},{"id":"source_81","type":"source","study":"Resistance training partially restores age-related differences in skeletal muscle amino acid transporters - secondary analysis from two randomized controlled trials.","year":2026,"doi":"10.1016/j.jnha.2026.100808","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2026.100808","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Lander 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: Postprandial stimulation of muscle protein synthesis depends on intracellular amino acid (AA) availability and effective transmembrane AA transporters (AATs). AA transport may be impaired in sedentary and older adults. We compared skeletal muscle AATs between young and older adults and examined effects of resistance training combined with increased protein intake. DESIGN: Secondary analysis from two randomized controlled trials SETTING: Participants were enrolled in trials comparing milk and native whey effects on anabolic signaling, muscle mass, and strength. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy young (n = 32; 14♀/18♂, 20-45 yrs) and older (n = 28; ♀/17♂, 70-80 yrs) adults INTERVENTION: Whole-body progressive resistance training 3×/week for 11-12 weeks with protein supplementation. MEASUREMENTS: Pre- and post-intervention assessments included lean leg mass (LLM), one-repetition maximum (1RM) leg press, and AAT protein levels in m. vastus lateralis biopsies. Western blots quantified L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) and 3 (LAT3), 4 F2 heavy chain (CD98) and solute carrier 38 member 9 (SNAT9) in cytosol ( C ), membrane ( M ) and nuclear ( N ) fractions."},{"id":"source_82","type":"source","study":"The impact of resistance training on the Atherogenic index of plasma and cardiometabolic health-related indicators in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and Meta-analysis.","year":2026,"doi":"10.1016/j.maturitas.2026.108935","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2026.108935","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Zhang 2026","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To examined the effects of resistance training on the atherogenic index of plasma in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Secondary objectives included evaluating its impact on glycemic markers (hemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR) and a broad range of cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: We systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed 33 randomized controlled trials (n = 1396) sourced from four databases. We employed random-effects meta-analyses, along with subgroup and meta-regression analyses, to explore potential moderators of the intervention's effects. RESULTS: Resistance training led to a significant reduction in atherogenic index of plasma (effect size = -0.56), with notably stronger effects observed in overweight/obese participants. Although heterogeneity was substantial across several outcomes, its sources were partly explained by sex, body mass index, and supervision-related moderators, and findings remained consistent after exclusion of high-risk studies. Resistance training also improved glycemic control, reducing hemoglobin A1c by -0.62% and HOMA-IR by -0.90, and lowered systolic blood pressure (-3.91 mmHg) and body fat (-0."},{"id":"source_83","type":"source","study":"High-speed vs. low-speed resistance training on muscle function in individuals with low muscle mass and obesity.","year":2026,"doi":"10.1016/j.exger.2026.113108","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2026.113108","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Hsu 2026b","excerpt":"PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of high-speed (HSRT) and low-speed resistance training (LSRT) on muscle function in individuals with low muscle mass and obesity (LMO). METHODS: Seventy-three participants (65.9 ± 5.8 years; 63 women and 10 men) were randomly assigned to the LSRT, HSRT, and control groups. Participants in the LSRT and HSRT groups received a 16-week resistance training intervention. LSRT and HSRT differed only in concentric speed (4 s vs. 1 s), while the eccentric phase was identical. The control group maintained usual lifestyles. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and after 16 weeks. The primary outcome was quadriceps isokinetic muscle power at 60°/s, 180°/s, and 240°/s. Secondary outcomes were quadriceps isometric and isokinetic muscle torque, rate of force development (RFD) during isometric contraction, muscle electrical activity during both isometric and isokinetic contractions, muscle endurance, and one-repetition maximum (1RM) of all training movements. Analysis of covariance examined between-group effects (α = 0.05). RESULTS: After the intervention, both LSRT and HSRT groups improved 1RM compared with the control group (p < 0."},{"id":"source_84","type":"source","study":"Results of the E-intervention for Protein Intake and Resistance Training to Optimize Function (E-PROOF) study among older cancer survivors.","year":2026,"doi":"10.1016/j.jgo.2026.102982","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2026.102982","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Krok-Schoen 2026","excerpt":"INTRODUCTION: Many older adults with a history of cancer do not meet diet or exercise recommendations, leading to suboptimal physical function. The E-PROOF study is the first synchronous, online, protein-focused dietary and resistance training randomized controlled trial among older cancer survivors. This study determined the feasibility, acceptability, and exploratory intervention effects (improving physical function, diet quality, and exercise) over the 12-week intervention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eligibility criteria included adults age ≥ 65 years, with breast, colorectal, or prostate cancer, and completion of treatment with curative intent. Intervention participants received personalized nutrition counseling sessions and supervised resistance training sessions focused on increased protein intake and resistance training, respectively. Attentional control participants received counseling on stretching and general healthy eating. RESULTS: The participants (n = 75) were a median of 70 years old, 71% female, 82% non-Hispanic White, 73% breast cancer survivors, and they had a median of 8.97 years since primary cancer diagnosis."},{"id":"source_85","type":"source","study":"Resistance training enhances metabolic and muscular health and reduces systemic inflammation in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis.","year":2025,"doi":"10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112941","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112941","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Wang 2025","excerpt":"This meta-analysis evaluated the effects of resistance training on insulin resistance, muscle function, and systemic inflammation in middle-aged and older adults (aged 50 years and older) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL were systematically searched from their inception to May 20, 2025. Forty-three randomized controlled trials (n = 2012 (55.8 % women); mean age 57.8 ± 8.4 years; mean BMI 30.9 ± 3.8 kg/m 2 ) were included. Resistance training was associated with improvements in markers of insulin resistance, including insulin (mean difference: MD -1.35 μIU/mL), HOMA-IR (MD -1.15), fasting glucose (MD -6.99 mg/dL), and HbA1c (MD -0.55 %), as well as a modest reduction in BMI (MD -0.37 kg/m 2 ). Furthermore, resistance training increased muscle mass (MD 0.89 kg) and both upper-body (standardized mean difference: SMD 2.28) and lower-body strength (SMD 2.02). A significant reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP; SMD -0.80) was observed, though no significant changes were found for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or interleukin-6 (IL-6)."}],"edges":[{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_1","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_2","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_3","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_4","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_5","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_6","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_7","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_8","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_9","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_10","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_11","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_12","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_13","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_14","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_15","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_16","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_17","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_18","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_19","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_20","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_21","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_22","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_23","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_24","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_25","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_26","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_27","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_28","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_29","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","to":"claim_30","type":"contains_claim"}],"screening":{"identified":85,"screened":85,"excluded":0,"included":85,"included_or_retained":85,"flow":["identified","screened","excluded_with_reasons","included"],"wording":"85 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. 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